tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64816186458871028852024-02-18T22:00:37.092-08:00HonyakuJoshuajoshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.comBlogger81125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-87083280381075199112019-06-18T16:25:00.002-07:002019-06-18T16:25:06.951-07:00Defining and Nondefining Clauses<a href="https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/intermediate-grammar/relative-clauses-non-defining-relative-clauses">https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/intermediate-grammar/relative-clauses-non-defining-relative-clauses</a>joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-66185879912571441492019-06-17T16:21:00.001-07:002019-06-17T16:21:17.504-07:00Google mistranslate<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggHaqauixA8hGVHZ8rQ17wjYRNlLer9Yiz5RFDVz7VH9QCKFmCkXPh9iG2gUi-bigkNN8chyphenhyphenr_W1eknEBbFN5bdVgPNiAAIFqmGgv9hzxUqdI4ivSwDRUc6z70Uxv_0p_12KlU2wZgVl8S/s1600/googletranslate.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1366" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggHaqauixA8hGVHZ8rQ17wjYRNlLer9Yiz5RFDVz7VH9QCKFmCkXPh9iG2gUi-bigkNN8chyphenhyphenr_W1eknEBbFN5bdVgPNiAAIFqmGgv9hzxUqdI4ivSwDRUc6z70Uxv_0p_12KlU2wZgVl8S/s320/googletranslate.png" width="320" /></a></div>
Interestingly google gives opposite meaning for positive verb.joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-28219711394386913562019-05-13T15:27:00.001-07:002019-05-13T15:27:13.917-07:00candy?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtdcIB4vYc4r0otXTrM6uoevyjJyu323J8nnL5t4tHKo5PndaP9cXd-ishRKB77-s34IS2NoDlC_ikoi22-xO5jXIgUT40xWkwBVJs0pDm_hXnjI8gWAneGOHKb0QBfwpfJ2WEiPH9k_9n/s1600/candy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="453" data-original-width="811" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtdcIB4vYc4r0otXTrM6uoevyjJyu323J8nnL5t4tHKo5PndaP9cXd-ishRKB77-s34IS2NoDlC_ikoi22-xO5jXIgUT40xWkwBVJs0pDm_hXnjI8gWAneGOHKb0QBfwpfJ2WEiPH9k_9n/s320/candy.png" width="320" /></a></div>
I wouldn't call chocolate candy...gjoshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-63029855232489473022019-05-03T15:21:00.000-07:002019-05-03T15:21:53.045-07:00Stadium or Ground?https://englishsoccerguide.com/stadium-vs-ground-in-english-football/<br />
<br />
from the site:<br />
<br />
<span class="wp-caption-text" style="backface-visibility: hidden; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #797979; display: block; font-family: "catamaran" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 0.765rem; margin: 7px 0px 20px;">The Emirates, home of Arsenal FC in London, is an expensive place to get into.</span><br />
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<strong style="backface-visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box;">What is the difference between a stadium and a ground in English football?</strong></h3>
<div class="wp-caption alignright fbx-instance" id="attachment_7887" style="backface-visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box; float: right; height: auto; margin: 26px 0px 15px 30px; max-width: 100%; width: 435px;">
<a class="fbx-link" href="https://englishsoccerguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/see-game-norwich-city-2.jpg" style="backface-visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1b1b1b; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s;"><img alt="" class="size-large wp-image-7887" height="319" sizes="(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px" src="https://englishsoccerguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/see-game-norwich-city-2-500x375.jpg" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/see-game-norwich-city-2-500x375.jpg 500w, /wp-content/uploads/2017/03/see-game-norwich-city-2-400x300.jpg 400w, /wp-content/uploads/2017/03/see-game-norwich-city-2-768x576.jpg 768w, /wp-content/uploads/2017/03/see-game-norwich-city-2.jpg 1280w" style="backface-visibility: hidden; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="425" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="backface-visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.765rem; margin-top: 10px;">
Carrow Road in Norwich is what you’d call a football ground.</div>
</div>
<div style="backface-visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px;">
This is something I thought I had all figured out; ground is simply what British people call a stadium. Not so, I am beginning to understand. As with many things, it’s a bit more complicated than that.</div>
<div style="backface-visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px;">
One way of getting at this is to think of a stadium as a thing and a ground as a place. So a ground is where you would find a stadium, as well as a pitch and a carpark and club offices, etc. The stadium, then, is just the thing people sit in to watch the action on the pitch — and all of this happens at the football ground.</div>
<div class="wp-caption alignleft fbx-instance" id="attachment_9358" style="backface-visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: auto; margin: 26px 30px 15px 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 329px;">
<a class="fbx-link" href="https://englishsoccerguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/english-soccer-guide-tour-photos-1.jpg" style="backface-visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1b1b1b; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s;"><img alt="" class="size-large wp-image-9358" height="425" sizes="(max-width: 319px) 100vw, 319px" src="https://englishsoccerguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/english-soccer-guide-tour-photos-1-319x425.jpg" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/english-soccer-guide-tour-photos-1-319x425.jpg 319w, /wp-content/uploads/2017/10/english-soccer-guide-tour-photos-1-263x350.jpg 263w, /wp-content/uploads/2017/10/english-soccer-guide-tour-photos-1-768x1024.jpg 768w, /wp-content/uploads/2017/10/english-soccer-guide-tour-photos-1.jpg 960w" style="backface-visibility: hidden; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="319" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="backface-visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.765rem; margin-top: 10px;">
The Emirates Stadium, home of Arsenal FC, from a flight into London. Not exactly on a high street.</div>
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<div style="backface-visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px;">
But I have heard another, subtler way of looking at it. I asked someone today about where to eat down by the Crystal Palace stadium, and she said I should use football ground instead. Her explanation was that Sulhurst Park, home of Crystal Palace, is a football ground because it is a place in a neighborhood. So for example, although she is not a football fan, she knows exactly where Selhurst Park is, and she can use it as a reference point or landmark.</div>
<div style="backface-visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px;">
“Something like the Emirates,” she said, “now <em style="backface-visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box;">that’s</em> a stadium.” Seems the thinking goes like this: a ground isn’t as grand or modern as a stadium, and it’s rooted to a part of town — indeed is part of the community. But a stadium like The Emirates is something recently built, with nothing else around it really. Another person in the conversation said, “Right, so Wembley is a stadium, but Selhurst Park is a football ground.”</div>
<div style="backface-visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 20px;">
Maybe the best way to explain this is that a football ground is a place you might walk past on a non gameday, to get a pint or something. But you would never, in your ordinary life, just find yourself walking past a stadium like Wembley or the Emirates.</div>
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At least, I think that’s how it is. For now.</div>
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<strong style="backface-visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://englishsoccerguide.com/category/study/" style="backface-visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(34, 96, 50) !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.25s ease 0s;">Learn more about English soccer</a>.</strong></h3>
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joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-50158622096932145002019-05-03T15:19:00.002-07:002019-05-03T15:19:54.453-07:00one of the people who wanted kanji in the exami remember the Japanese guy who taught me apologising to me for the university allowing electronic dictionaries to be used in exams. This meant that my then brilliant knowledge of kanji wasn't displayed...<br />
<br />
I am glad I tore my degree up and gave it back.<br />
<br />
I learnt Japanese with my ex-wife and by myself. I was pleased that K H said I could read 2000 kanji and I was pleased when I learnt Kanji Gold.<br />
<br />
The degree I received was worthless. One of the smartest things I ever did was studying French to English translation under Alexandre Coutu.<br />
<br />
<br />joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-40294612029786681472019-04-27T06:47:00.002-07:002019-04-27T06:47:28.088-07:00these Tw*tswhen i was a t university they made no attempt to teach me anything.<br />
<br />
I passed the translation agency tests by myself and now I am in debt.<br />
<br />
<br />
If I had just got my degree I wouldn't have been able to translate from Japanese and French into English, I did it all by myself....<br />
<br />
<br />
I hate the education system and would love to see it reformed.joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-81508706401268926312019-04-27T06:28:00.003-07:002019-04-27T06:28:50.161-07:00Life after being dead inside<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
University was a life ending opportunity for me when I spat
at people and threatened to kill people most days.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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I had no money to socialize and became involved with street
gangs and drugs.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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When I graduated I was competing with translators from
degrees from Oxford and Cambridge as well as people who had spent significant
lengths of time in foreign countries…<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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I self-destructed and almost got myself killed.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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On one occasion I was beaten up in a gym only to go out and
pick a fight with three bouncers, get hospitalized, get thrown out of A and E,
go back into town and then attack the bouncers again. I then went to the gym
and saw the same bouncers there training. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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This was not what I hoped for from my degree.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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My wife left me due to my failure to be rich. I didn’t
really care as she compared me to someone who went to public school.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I am more stable now due to having several ways of making
money.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I studied French to English
translation under Alexandre Coutu and this got me a job as a French to English
translator with Work Place Translation. This was one of the best things I ever did.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I also branched into ebay trading and worked for an antiques
shop as well as importing stuff from Turkey.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I now do matched betting and have a very positive life. I am learning how to trade on the stock market. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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In the future I aim to study languages again however much
university effected me.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I aim to continue with chess but to play less games online.</div>
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<br /></div>
<br />joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-81147359235445112792019-04-23T17:56:00.001-07:002019-04-23T17:56:18.064-07:00katakanaThe A in<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="ja" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
ジョン・A・ベネット</h1>
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Isn't in Katakana</div>
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/Tosiwo_Nakayama is tosio nakayama</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosiwo_Nakayama">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosiwo_Nakayama</a></div>
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joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-35671838185499678402019-04-23T04:00:00.001-07:002019-04-23T17:52:05.798-07:00Resulted <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY-5q4RWL9wgISXAH0R0Fp8PzOF1RDP3ePB7hw52YzXOVVz1uVG0t3IdmWVnpPWu-cMxOfaDGCGQQ92-9gifJ8xL_v5W-ClEcmVEyEOl5WO7xrJLsn9x77fBVfGIzBEZ8IVmB4uOzfOySl/s1600/resulted.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY-5q4RWL9wgISXAH0R0Fp8PzOF1RDP3ePB7hw52YzXOVVz1uVG0t3IdmWVnpPWu-cMxOfaDGCGQQ92-9gifJ8xL_v5W-ClEcmVEyEOl5WO7xrJLsn9x77fBVfGIzBEZ8IVmB4uOzfOySl/s1600/resulted.png" /></a></div>
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I have never seen result used as a passive verb or a past participle before and decided to google it</div>
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I cant find this use in the OED.... https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/resulted</div>
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<br />joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-19049153215998374062019-01-18T17:22:00.001-08:002019-01-18T17:22:53.047-08:00Fast EddieI recently read the Book Fast Eddie by Edward Maher.<br />
<br />
I agree with his points about junkies in jail, but think he was looking back with rose-tinted spectacles when saying how everyone was depressed.<br />
<br />
Life in Britain would have been a lot worse before human rights reforms....<br />
<br />
I found the book very entertaining especially the stuff about the legal system.<br />
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<br />joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-85434169881486714012018-12-31T16:18:00.000-08:002018-12-31T16:18:12.660-08:00Isuzu<span style="background-color: #ffffe3; font-size: 11.96px;"><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif;">I saw this online I often wondered</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #ffffe3; font-size: 11.96px;"><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #ffffe3; font-size: 11.96px;"><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif;">https://japanexplained.wordpress.com/2008/04/29/isuzu-spelling/</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #ffffe3; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode", Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11.96px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #ffffe3; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode", Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11.96px;">That last little sqiggle in the name is not normal hiragana, unlike the rest of the name. And it’s not just the truck company either, dentists and suchlike with the same (family) name always have the same last syllable. Could it be a kanji??? Totally stumped on this one, so any help gratefully received.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #ffffe3; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode", Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11.96px;"><br /></span>
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It’s a repetition symbol. It’s most commonly seen in its kanji form 々 (人々 [hitobito] for example), but it has hiragana and katakana forms too. The two hiragana forms are ゝ and ゞ, and the katakana forms are ヽ and ヾ. The double-ticks are used if the syllable it replaces would have them. In the case of isuzu, the repetition character is replacing a hiragana ず, so ゞ is used.</div>
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As to why they use this repetition symbol instead of plain old hiragana, I don’t know. Wikipedia just says that proper names sometimes use the double-tick in hiragana/katakana form.</div>
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BTW, I didn’t know any of this before. I just checked wikipedia when I saw this post. For more information about the repetition symbol, check </div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: #ffffe3; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 1.2em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.96px;">https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%9E</span></span></div>
joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-84447721023532318062018-12-30T16:06:00.002-08:002018-12-30T16:15:55.696-08:00A mess with a house clearanceA few years ago I cleared a house after a friend of mine sadly passed away.<br />
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<div>
The next of kin agreed with me we would split the money from the sale of stuff in the house 50/50 after I had paid for storage and van hire etc.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
I then cleared the house and put it in storage. The next of kin did not lift a finger to help me as the lady who helped me can attest. I appreciate she was grieving, but she left me and a friend with all the work to do.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
The next of kin's cousin then wound me up and got the next of kin to make a statement to the police that I had stole the stuff as opposed to clearing it, or at least I am 99% sure of this. The police then came to my flat and told me not to contact the next of kin. When they entered my flat they said "you know what we are looking for". I appreciate they were probably lied to.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
This woman then told a load of lies about me on Facebook which the police rightly advised me was a civil matter. I was incandescent with rage at the legal system.</div>
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During the course of this mess the next of kins cousin attempted to emotionally blackmail me into giving her all the money I made selling the stuff in the house. This was obviously ludicrous as I had spent about 200 hours selling the stuff. <span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">I reiterate that the next of kin or the cousin did nothing to aid in getting the stuff out of the house, with the next of kin simply ordering the stuff in the house for less than an hour.</span></div>
</div>
<br />
<br /></div>
<div>
Before I went to jail I gave a relative of the next of the kin some of the stuff back and paypalled her money. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
After I got out of jail I paypalled this relative the money I owed due to the contract. I no longer have the exact records due to losing ebay accounts. if the next of Kin's cousin hadn't harassed me I would have been more rational and able to keep better records.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
One of the next of kin's relative's even said to me: I don't think S________ understands how much work is involved in the selling.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
I aim to continue to do house clearances, but will let this serve as a reminder that it was a mess..... If the next of Kin didn't have a next of kin I probably wouldn't have gone the extra mile to return the stuff and paypal the money after she got the police to tell me not to contact her.</div>
joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-12250929069114543002018-12-30T15:34:00.000-08:002018-12-30T15:34:10.441-08:00why not work up another withdrawal?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis3c5Kgr-5PxihyX2kwBxdGsFv_feC_D9y1vEHEx4lvtkP-ACeQgtrvIfU_e_4yIqPMCs-08tZjaHf2u0vICCJpVI7TEL3lKhd3UBfPb0syDqyeXGA0UcGqZDkrg81aa4XulHbuO1HIELs/s1600/luck.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1366" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis3c5Kgr-5PxihyX2kwBxdGsFv_feC_D9y1vEHEx4lvtkP-ACeQgtrvIfU_e_4yIqPMCs-08tZjaHf2u0vICCJpVI7TEL3lKhd3UBfPb0syDqyeXGA0UcGqZDkrg81aa4XulHbuO1HIELs/s320/luck.png" width="291" /></a></div>
I was reading my emails when money I earned matched betting came from Betway. The Term worked up a withdrawal surprised me as I had never heard or read it before in English.joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-86245027137323053202018-12-08T14:39:00.001-08:002018-12-08T14:39:25.275-08:00Matched Betting 4TWI have made about £40 today matched betting as well as another £100 from an accumulator.<br />
<br />
I think this is one of the easiest legal ways to make money going.<br />
<br />
https://caanberry.com/matched-betting-tips/<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRXu4fS32Ykjoshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-85287413191536972592018-12-08T04:48:00.000-08:002018-12-08T04:48:10.121-08:00Samurai rocka friend of mine in his gym had some Japanese on facebook and I couldn't read it.<br />
<br />
I have not been doing Japanese for years due to abuse I suffered in the academic system.<br />
<br />
i didnt lie down and cry, I went out and worked for an antiques shop in Old Swan as well as a house clearance company.<br />
<br />
I imported stuff from Turkey where I met Antonio Inoki randomly.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://forum.koohii.com/thread-12722.html<br />
<br />
I learnt 6000 kanji as can be seen from Kanji gold and fought the fight of my life with Japanese grammar.<br />
<br />
My lecturers at a university laughed at me, but I stuck it out and got a 2:1 degree as well as going on to pass some of the most difficult translation agency tests in the world.<br />
<br />
One of them called me a dickhead and told me to kill myself. He joked when one classmate tried to commit suicide.<br />
<br />
Today my Japanese is not very good but i am pleased I stuck out the course.<br />
<br />
Today I earn a lot of money doing matched betting and betfair trading as well as ebay and a part time job.<br />
<br />
I intend to post more about these ways of earning money and how marvelous I was at selling stuff online.<br />
<br />
I am pleased I did so much with kanji and am going to do a book on this in the near future<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/user/honyakujoshua/videos?sort=dd&view=0&shelf_id=3<br />
<br />joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-41099676734138239582018-09-22T03:25:00.001-07:002018-09-22T03:25:35.990-07:00interesting article on gender in Spanishhttps://www.thoughtco.com/greek-ending-ma-often-masculine-3079276joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-69164932151067589452018-08-24T14:29:00.000-07:002018-08-24T14:29:32.816-07:00lost photosi couldnt find a pen drive of photos from Tenerife so to prevent further loss i will start uploading a lot of photos on this blog and facebook.joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-50314463890854640992018-08-15T15:59:00.001-07:002018-08-15T15:59:20.765-07:00Daily RacesI was away from the game for a bit: today's study: Spanish flashcards 1 hour. Watched Lupin films in Japanese.joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-89403120351567894842018-08-14T18:05:00.001-07:002018-08-14T18:05:48.105-07:00An incoherent article on understanding sentences
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
check dictionaries</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>check morphology</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
sezuni se is causative
zuni is without</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>For the example of
hokorippoku look at morphology: Ku means adverb and therefore it is
simply the adverbial form hokorippoi</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>To shita is Just
past of to suru</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
When you cannot
understand a word write down semantic elements like ku zu etc</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Write what each part
means with Furiei</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Check humble and
honorific verbs as these are not in grammar books:</b> te oru was
not in my book it was simply te iru.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>analyze with makino
and furi ei ad arrows for ESU. Draw an arrow from part to part.
From the part that gives to the part that takes</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
strip out unnecessary
lexis and just analyze grammatical skeleton.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Put nouns adjectives
and other things in different colours.put prepositions and
conjunctions in different colors</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
search internet for
more grammar books (Mongolia)</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Search for more
examples of phrase to fathom out from other contexts, picture and
numbers etc</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Ask a Japanese
person but DO NOT GIVE THE ANSWE YOU WANT IN THJE QUESTION</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>For the example of
“GE” Look where it is: at the end: it is a suffix: look up ge:
doesn’t come up, remove nigiri, ke.</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Makino condensed</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>1 modifier before
modified </b>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Makino calls a
modified and a modifier an ESU</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Recognising ESUs is
a must for reading Japanese</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Guideline 1: A
modified element is typically a noun, a relative clasue or a
nominaliser a coordinate or subordinate conjuction, an adjective a
verb or a particle</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Guideline 2 If a
thing before the modified element modifies something after the
modified element then that thing is outside the ESU</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Guideline 3 noun
phrase +wa and noun phrase + mo is often said to be outside ESU (But
make note)</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Guideline 4 when two
sentences are combined by ga sentence one is often outside the ESU of
the modified element of sentence two. With te it depends on context</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Guidenline five when
a modified element is a modal ir usually goes to the beginning of the
sentence even if it is a wa/mo phrase </b>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Guideline 6 when the
modified element is the quote marker to guideline three is over
ridden</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Some modified
elements allow their ESU to extend beyond the sentence boundary
especially sentence initial conjunctions </b>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Book 2</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Sentence initial,
preverbal (modifier) modified Towards better reading comprehension</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
B Key elements
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
verbals,</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
nps, nouns
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
pronominal plus noun</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
demonstrative + noun</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
adjective + noun</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
noun+ no + noun</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
noun/verb + compound
particle (pronominal; verb) + verb</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
relative clause + noun</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
noun sentence to iu +
noun</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
sentence + nominaliser</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
noun to noun</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
embedded interrogative
sentences</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
PREVERBAL ADVERBIALS</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Adverbs</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Adjectives ku</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Adverbial auxillaries</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Quantifiers,takusan</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Phonestheme</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Quotation + to</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Noun verb + compound
article</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Verb te</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Verb masu + ni</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
SENTENCE INITIAL
ELEMENTS</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Sentence initial
conjunctions</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Sentence initial
adverbials</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Sentential topics
unlike preverbal wa modifies everything that follows</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Sentence initial
dependent clauses</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
C VERBAL CONNECTIVE
FORMS</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Te ku ari</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Negative connective
forms</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
COMPOUND SENTENCES</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
E complex sentences</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
A complex sentence is a
sentence which is dependent on another clause</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1 relative clauses</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
2 internal sentences
before to iu + noun</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Internal sentence
before compound particle + compound particle</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Sentence + nominaliser</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Embedded interrogative
sentences</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Clause before adverbial
forms of auxillary adjectives</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Internal sentences as
indirect quotations</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Sentence initial
dependent clauses</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Refer to (35)</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Missing elements f</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Guidelines</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Guideline 1 Identify
major clause breaks: ga,ba, kara, node</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>|Guideline 2 identiy
the skeleton of each major clause. The major elements who what when
where why</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Guideline 3 idetify
the scope of all conjunctions nominalisers nouns nominalisers
quotative markers and auxillaries. SEE ESUs.</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Guideline 4 identify
modified and modifier accurately when there are ambiguities</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Guideline 5 identify
each elements modified constituents</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><u><b>lexical
items</b></u></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Look up in
dictionary</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>do a google search</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>google image search</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>type into wikipedia
and translate if it is a name of a company like the seaweed brigade</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>analyze morphology
as in ame kake ame m,eans net and kake means brackets</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>carters lexis thing</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><u><b>appendix</b></u></i></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Examples of esu
marking</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">私の<span style="color: red;">一番</span><span style="background: #ff0000;">好きの</span>作曲家は緑琴です。</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">th</span><span lang="en-US">is
shows that the ichiban goes to suki and not composer.</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span style="color: red;"><span lang="ja-JP">智子が作った</span></span><span style="background: #ff0000;"><span lang="ja-JP">ケーキ</span></span><span lang="ja-JP">です</span></span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span style="background: #ff0000;"><span lang="ja-JP">リサは来年日本へ行</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="background: #ff0000;"><span lang="ja-JP">く</span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><span lang="ja-JP">らしい</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Rasii changes, effects
everything it goes after</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background: #ff0000;"><span lang="ja-JP">私は中学に入った時に父が買ってくれた小さな</span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><span lang="ja-JP">辞書</span></span><span lang="ja-JP">をまだ使っている。</span></span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Adjective
jisho am still using</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Arrows may also be
used on pen and paper</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Demarcate(mark)
boundaries in meaning</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Slice
sentences up de ari marks an end of a sentence: think of it like
cutting sushi.</b></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US"><b>Slice
after nothing in first part qualifies anything in second part</b></span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Cut
them up</b></div>
joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-48022674091818566322018-08-14T18:04:00.000-07:002018-08-14T18:04:16.921-07:00Article on learning grammar I wrote...
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">How
to learn Japanese grammar</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">How
grammar as opposed to what grammar is</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Describing
grammar as opposed to listing</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">After
having mastered kanji the next step in learning Japanese will be
grammar. The reason why grammar is next is because if one learns one
grammatical structure one can read many sentences.</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">For
example if one learns that x </span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">です</span>translates
into English as it’s an x one can understand a great many
sentences: <span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">本です、猫です、犬です、猿です。</span>However
if you learn a piece of vocabulary you just learn one ‘thing’
which cannot be learnt in that many situations. Learning grammar is
a key to learning a language. Language is a good example of where
the whole is more than the some of the parts
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.54cm; text-indent: 1.27cm;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Myths about Japanese Grammar</b></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Myth 1
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Japanese grammar is
simple</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Truth</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Japanese grammar is
<i>different</i> to Euopean grammar. Whereas French has
‘conjugations’ Japanese does not. To be is desu in all
‘persons’ in Japanese. This does not mean that Japanese is
easy. The very fact that Japanese is so different to the English
Brain makes it harder to learn.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
New statement: Japanese
grammar is different. Some parts are harder, some parts are easier.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Myth 2: there are only
2 irregular verbs in Japanese kuru and suru</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Truth aru is irregular,
iku is irregular, many verbs are irregular in the honorific. Using
European language terms like ‘irregular verbs’ is a silly way to
look at Japanese grammar. The verb ai suru does not conjugate like
other verbs</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
New statement:
Japanese has many verbs that could be judged to be irregular although
the verbal system is better behaved than French.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Myth 3: Japanese
grammar is written with hiragana kanji are never used in grammar</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
New statement Kanji are
sometimes used in grammar, and if one knows this kanji one will go on
to know the grammar. Just as in german if you know that krank means
ill and haus means house you will know hospital, so in Japanese Kanji
and other motivated symbols can tell you the meaning</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Types of grammar</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<u>Verb ‘conjugations’</u>
Conjugation Grammar</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
which ‘tense’ the
verb changes into. This bit is added on to the verb and the sound
and spelling of the verb changes when it’s added on. Adjectives
also conjugate in Japanese.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
For example
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">読む</span><span lang="en-US">becomes</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">読んだ</span><span lang="en-US">in
the past tense. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<u>‘<span lang="en-US">Vocabulary
Grammar’ ‘No New Rule grammar’</span></u></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">this
grammar can be learnt as vocabulary. All that needs to be remembered
is it’s </span><span lang="en-US"><b>meaning</b></span><span lang="en-US">
and </span><span lang="en-US"><b>where it goes in the sentence</b></span><span lang="en-US">.
For example </span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">など、ほとんど、</span><span lang="en-US">can
simply be remembered as ‘ and so on’ and ‘hardly’
respectively. Kono is simply this and all that need be remembered is
that it goes before the noun. </span><span lang="en-US"><u><b>No
major further explanation is needed. </b></u></span><span lang="en-US">Makino’s
entry for</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">滅多にない</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">is
simply</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"> </span>one page long
the entry for <span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">の </span>is x pages
long. This grammar is the easiest grammar type to remember. This
grammar may be quite easily be remembered by way of translation.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<u>‘<span lang="en-US">derivational
morphology’</span></u><span lang="en-US"> </span>
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">although
grammar this is treated in a separate chapter.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US"><u>New
rule Grammar</u></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US"><u>Stuff
that changes the meaning of the sentence and has it’s own rules of
usage. Stuff with no direct equivalent translation in English </u></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Grammar
like’</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">と で に </span><span lang="en-US">These
grammars need teaching of the rules surrounding them. Whereas
hotondo can safely be translated as ‘scarcely’ The majority of
the time </span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">で </span><span lang="en-US">has
no similar ‘direct’, ‘normal’ translation in English. It’s
meaning depends on what other words it is used with whereas hotondo’s
meaning does not. Further explanation is needed. Explanation of
usage is needed. When teaching nomi one needs to understand what it
qualifies. Is </span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">xのy </span><span lang="en-US">x’s
y or Y’s x? </span><span lang="en-US"><u><b>Further explanation is
needed. </b></u></span><u><b>T</b></u>his grammar is separate to
conjugation grammar as the verb before it does not change. This
grammar changes the sentence, but nothing else in the sentence need
change grammatically. In order to say I want to go you must change
the verb before adding an auxillary, but for this type of grammar
nothing need be changed. For otoko no piano, only no is added and
nothing else changes. One needs to understand what effect this
grammar has on other words in the sentence: In otoko no piano is it
the piano the property of the boy or the boy the property of the
piano?</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Some
grammars fit into several categories </span>for example <span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">てほしい
</span>is a conjugation grammar as the verb may be changed before
adding te, but when adding hoshii nothing else need be chang</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
ed.</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Grammar
has been described as the rules governing words. Words belong to
classes and if you read a grammar of Japanese IE Jonathan Bunt’s
you will see Grammar put into classes. Grammar is best learnt in the
beginning in word classes. Words fit into the following classes</span></div>
<ul><ul>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective">adjectives</a>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb">adverbs</a>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjection">interjections</a>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun">nouns</a>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb">verbs</a> (except
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verb">auxiliary
verbs</a>)
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
Closed word classes:
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verb">auxiliary
verbs</a>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitic">clitics</a>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverb">coverbs</a>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction">conjunctions</a>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner">determiners</a>
(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29">articles</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifier">quantifiers</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative_adjective">demonstrative
adjectives</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_adjective">possessive
adjectives</a>)
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particle">particles</a>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_word">measure words</a>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition">adpositions</a>
(prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions)
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preverb">preverbs</a>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun">pronouns</a>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction_%28grammar%29">contractions</a>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_number">cardinal
numbers</a>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
Relative clauses</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
One should learn via makino and furiei <b>which part of speech is
doing what to what</b></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
word order and sentence structure
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
word order in Japanese is basically subject object verb, which means
that the sentence ends in a verb, the copula or an I adjective</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #f8fcff; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.18cm; margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.18cm;">
The basic sentences in Japanese are ( see makino, oxford japanese
dictionary )
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
After having understood
the above you should actually start to learn grammar.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
First of all Get hold
of, buy, loan, steal several grammar books. Somewhere between three
or ten. If you do not understand something in one grammar book,
refer to it in another, then another and so on. I have often not
understood something in seven books and then understood in the eighth
as the point was explained differently. I cannot underestimate how
important it is to use as many grammar books as humanly possible</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The first grammar we
will study will be closed class like demonstratives as these are
simpler than verbs to understand. Check that you understand this
grammar and after having understood it learn it parrot fashion. DO
not learn without understanding.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Things like<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">あの
</span>means that one over there are not hard to remember. These may
be learnt like vocabulary</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Next
study pronouns. These may be learnt like vocabulary. Ie Boku=I,
rough male. On one side write the Japanese on the other write a
translation and note on usage. For kanojo note that it is not often
used and that it may also mean girlfriend. N Japanese pronouns are
used very differently to English pronouns. Note translations but
also note usage.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">There
is no real equivalent to ‘it’ in Japanese</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Possessive
pronouns these are used in Japanese, but not as much as in English:</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">They
are formed by taking a subject pronoun and adding no</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Watashi
no kuruma my car</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Relative clauses</b><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"><b> </b></span><b>:
Yes it really is that simple</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>In Japanese grammar
there is no word for that in the sense ‘The mouse </b><i><b>that</b></i><b>
roared”</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>To make this
statement the describer or “modifying element” goes in front of
the described or “modified element” and there is no “connector”
between these two elements.</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>In English the
modified (mouse) goes first and then we have ‘that’ and we have
the modifier roared.</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>In Japanese we have
the reverse but without the‘ that‘</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"><b>た鼠
</b></span><b>the that .</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>So to make the
relative clause in Japanese you simply take a verb and but it before
the NOUN.</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>The person who
brought the pen
</b><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">ペンを<span style="color: red;">った</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"> 読んだ猫</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The cat that read the
book
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">本を<span style="color: red;">んだ</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The cat that reads the
book <span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"> 本を読む猫</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The cat that reads the
book <span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"> 本を読んでいる猫 </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The tv programme that I
watched
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span style="color: red;">た</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
It really is <span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>that</b></span>
simple to make the relative clause. You put the modifier before the
modified, and that’s it.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
In all reality there
are relative clauses in Japanese, they just aren’t marked.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Now
we will come to nouns and note one of the myths of Japanese: Japanese
does not have plurals: This isn’t strictly true: Japanese
pluralises with duplication, etc (seemakino3) </span>
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">something
which</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">modifies
a noun is an adjective in the red car red modifies car the </span><span style="color: red;"><span lang="en-US">red</span></span><span lang="en-US">
</span><span lang="en-US"><span style="background: #ff0000;">car</span></span><span lang="en-US">.
In my grammar explanations the modifier is shown in coloured font,
and the modified is shown in with a background color the same color
as the font as the modifier.</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"> <span style="color: red;">赤い</span><span style="background: #ff0000;">車</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">this
concept was invented by myself to explain the concept of modified and
modifier in Japanese which is one of the most important concept in
Japanese grammar.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Adjectives
in Japanese are traditionallt divided into two camps although there
are further divisions with in these camps</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">The
first group if adjectives is called ‘I’ adjectives as these
adjectives always end in ‘I’ </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">An
‘I’ adjective may end in ai: ‘umai’ ii oisii ui ‘samui’
or omosiroi. No ‘I’ adjective ends in ei.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
‘<span lang="en-US">I’
adjectives are often caused verbal adjectives as they change there
endings like verbs.</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">The
second group is ‘na’ adjectives</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">When
used in the attributive sense, which means when they are used before
a noun they have to have a na in between them and the noun: shizuka
na machi.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">When
these adjectives are used predicatively, this meaning at the end of a
sentence they need the copula or desu.: machi wa shizuka desu.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Unlike
I adjectives na adjectives do not change their form to show tense
mood and aspect although the copula does change</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Some
na adjectives end in I but these can be easily spotted as they end in
ei and as is written above no ‘I’ adjective can end in ‘ei’</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">There
are several I adjectives with na forms in front of a noun although
these are not na adjectives. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Although
Japanese is said to be a regular language there are irregular adverbs</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Onaji
reqires desu at the end oif a sentence but one may not say onaji na
machi, but should say onaji machi</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Chiikaku
tooi and ooi are not used before nouns in the I form, instead we say
tookuno: we take off one I and add a kuno.</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">We
now get onto grammar that is extremely different to English </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Next
study postpositions and conjunctions as these too should be easier to
remember as they may be learn like vocabulary. When learning them
note the similarities and differences between their English
translations. </span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">で</span>does
not just mean at, but has many different depending on context. Be
extremely cautious of learning by translation. Don’t just learn
one translation but learn the rules associated with it.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Sometimes when doing
furiei with makino symbols like + and- can be used to show with or
without
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
respectfully. <span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"> </span>Arrows
may also be used, for example<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"> 恵美智子</span>.
This arrow shows, reminds that megumi is in someway related with
tomoko.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">ペン家族 </span>A
family without a pen. Arrow shows that the pen is lacking</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
For prepositions,
arrows may also be used <span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">ロンドンへ行きました </span>to
show that ‘he’ goes to rondon and not ikimasita. These arrows
and symbols are a type of metalanguage, a language that defines
another language. This is useful for learning and understanding<span lang="en-US">:
you are making a model of the language</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Makino splits Japanese
conjunctions into several camps, perhaps following halliday:</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Conjunctions which
indicate cause and effect a</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Conjunctions which mean
but</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Conjunctions which mean
and</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Conjunctions which mean
or</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Conjunctions which mean
to change the subject</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Conjunctions which
indicate paraphrasing</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Conjunctions which mean
for example</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Conjunctions which mark
a reason for something</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Conjunctionsnwhich
indicate contrast</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Now
study counter words: Note that these are learnt in English and also
note that they are much more common in Japanese. After understanding
their concept learn each vocabulary counter 1-10 like vocabulary.
Think of it like slices of pizza.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Counters
are a concept best described by equivalence</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">if
you go a beach you do not say to your children “there are many
sands” you say to them “there are many </span><span lang="en-US"><b>grains</b></span><span lang="en-US">
of sand” and grains is a counter although this term is not used in
English as much.</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Other
examples of English counters: </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Slices:
There are six slices of bread.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">In
Japanese this system is much more developed</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Counters
often use the ichi ni san shi go roku nana hachi kyuu juu sequence as
opposed to the hitotsu futatsu mittsu sequence</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Kuruma
nidai means two cars.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">If
an article is present the number and counter is usually placed after
the noun and particle</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Neko
wo 6biki wo kaitai</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">The
pattern </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">X y
no z</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">May
also be used where x=a number y= a counter and z= a noun</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">8piki
no sai: 8 rhinoceroses</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">articles:
note that Japanese </span><span lang="en-US"><b>does not have these</b></span><span lang="en-US">,
but also note </span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">ある町 </span><span lang="en-US">is
probably best translated as a town and not “A certain town”.</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Now
we will come to verbs and adjectives which are the hardest parts of
Japanese to learn as they are so unlike English verbs and adjectives
in the way they function. This is what makes \Japanese difficult ,
it’s difference to European languages. DO NOT TRY TO COMPARE THE
JAPANESE VERBAL SYSTEM TO THE EUROPEAN Verbal SYSTEM although
pronouns and demonstratives can to a certain extent be translated,
explained, by means of a European example the verbal and adjectival
system may never be. It is just too different.</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">I
will first try to describe the verbal system</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Unlike
European verbs verbs do not conjugate for person: I go is the same
as he goes in Japanese.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Japanese
verbs mark in there form: levels of formality. TWO tenses: Past and
Non-Past </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">If
the last mora of a verb is </span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">た だ
</span>this shows that the verb is in the past tense and that the
action the verb describes happened in the past if we read<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"> “僕はホンを読んだ
“ </span>knowing that x is a verb we know that the verb happens in
the past without knowing anymore information</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Voice.
The passive and active voice are marked, though the passive voice
can mean polite or potential depending upon context</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Whereas
in languages such as French and Spanish auxillary verbs are added in
front of the verb to make a two verb construction in Japanese they
are added to the end. Most of what is Japanese verbs is added to
the end of verbs. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Whereas
in French one must learn how to conjugate verbs for person in
Japanese the main battle with verbs is learning how to add
auxillaries. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">To
change a Japanese verb you add things to the end and not to the
front. But before adding these things you must change a part of the
original verb</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">When
grammarians describe Japanese verbs they start with the plain form,
and this is how we will start. The plain form of a verb is easily
recognized, it’s final sound is “U”. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">In
Japanese there are two types of verbs “ichidan” and “Godan”
as well as two very irregular verbs “Suru “ “Kuru” and quite
a large amount of quite irregular verbs. To continue the analogy of
Frech grammar Kuru and Suru could be seen as being like avoir and
etre whereas the likes of iku and aru and ai suru could be perceived
as being mangers and allers</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">All
verbs which fall into the ichidan group act entirely the same where
as within the godan group there are subgroups which act differently.
Because of this we will address ichidan verbs first</span>. As the
name implies this verb only needs one “step” to change it to a
state where an auxillary may be added.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">A n
example of an ichidan verb is</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">食べる</span><span lang="en-US">,
which may be glossed as “eat”. To say I eat one would say Watashi
wa taberu” but this verb is in the plain style which is used for
informal speech: see politeness in Japanese. In Japanese the next
highest level of politeness is marked with masu. To make taberu
polite one must add masu.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Before
adding masu we must take the last kana of the ichidan verb away: for
</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">食べる</span><span lang="en-US">we
take away ru</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"> <span style="color: black;">たべ</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="background: #ff0000;">る</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="en-US">,</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">たべ</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">We
are now left with <span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">たべ </span></span><span style="color: black;">and
all that is that is left to do now is add no masu, and we have have
apolite form of the verb</span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">食べます</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="en-US">All
verbs which are ichidan verbs follow this simple rule. A good
dictionary will say which group a verb belongs to</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="en-US">Other
auxillaries are added to ru verbs in exactly the same way: simply
take off the last kana and add the auxillary</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="en-US">The
auxillary tai simply means to want to do something: tabetai simply
means I WANT TO eat.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span style="color: black;">たべる</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span style="color: black;">たべ</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">食べたい</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">いる</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">い</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">いたい</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Nai simply means “not”
and is known in grammar as the negative version (Halliday) for
ichidan verbs youn simply add it after taking off the last kana:</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">たべる、たべ、たべない </span><span lang="en-US">I
don’t eat</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Must
is formed by the auxillary </span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">なければなりません、</span><span lang="en-US">or
more informally </span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">なければならない</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Again
you simply add it after you have cut off the last kana.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">To
add auxillaries to ichidan verbs all you need to do is remember which
kana to take off( the last one) and which series of kana mean which
things, and that you must add the auxillary after you have taken the
last kana off</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">(chart
of main auxillaries)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">Godan
verbs have groups within the godan group. Some auxillaries are added
in exactly the same way to every godan verb, where as others are
added in a different way . We will first describe each group of
godan verbs</span></div>
joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-37852294214325288012018-08-13T16:33:00.001-07:002018-08-13T16:33:18.567-07:00Good article on Japanese Grammar I found online
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="background: #ffeedd; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Outline</b></span></span></div>
<ol>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #ffeedd; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/start.html#part1#part1"><span style="color: #2828dd;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The
problem with conventional textbooks</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
</span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #ffeedd; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/start.html#part2#part2"><span style="color: #2828dd;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A
Japanese guide to Japanese grammar</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
</span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #ffeedd; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/start.html#part3#part3"><span style="color: #2828dd;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">What
is not covered in this guide?</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
</span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #ffeedd; margin-bottom: 0.49cm;">
<a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/start.html#part4#part4"><span style="color: #2828dd;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Suggestions</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
</span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #ffeedd; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/start.html#part5#part5"><span style="color: #2828dd;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Requirements</span></span></a></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffeedd; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: #2828dd;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="border-bottom: 2.50pt solid #800000; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; margin-top: 0.64cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>The
problem with conventional textbooks</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The
problem with conventional textbooks is that they often have the
following goals. </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">They want readers to be able
to use functional and polite Japanese as quickly as possible. </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">They
don't want to scare readers away with terrifying Japanese script and
Chinese characters. </span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">They
want to teach you how to say English phrases in Japanese. </span>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Traditionally
with romance languages such as Spanish, these goals presented no
problems or were nonexistent due to the similarities to English.
However, because Japanese is different in just about every way down
to the fundamental ways of thinking, these goals create many of the
confusing textbooks you see on the market today. They are usually
filled with complicated rules and countless number of grammar for
specific English phrases. They also contain almost no kanji and so
when you finally arrive in Japan, lo and behold, you discover you
can't read menus, maps, or essentially anything at all because the
book decided you weren't smart enough to memorize Chinese characters.
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The
root of this problem lies in the fact that these textbooks try to
teach you Japanese with English. They want to teach you on the first
page how to say, "Hi, my name is Smith," but they don't
tell you about all the arbitrary decisions that were made behind your
back. They probably decided to use the polite form even though
learning the polite form before the dictionary form makes no sense.
They also might have decided to include the subject even though it's
not necessary and excluded most of the time. In fact, the most common
way to say something like "My name is Smith" in Japanese is
to say "am Smith". That's because most of the information
is understood from the context and is therefore excluded. But does
the textbook explain the way things work in Japanese fundamentally?
No, because they're too busy trying to push you out the door with
"useful" phrases right off the bat. The result is a
confusing mess of "use this if you want to say this" type
of text and the reader is left with a feeling of confusion about how
things actually </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>work</i></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">.
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The
solution to this problem is to explain Japanese from a Japanese point
of view. Take Japanese and explain how it works and forget about
trying to force what you want to say in English into Japanese. To go
along with this, it is also important to explain things in an order
that makes sense in Japanese. If you need to know [A] in order to
understand [B], don't cover [B] first just because you want to teach
a certain phrase. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Essentially,
what we need is a </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>Japanese</i></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
guide to learning Japanese grammar. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="border-bottom: 2.50pt solid #800000; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; margin-top: 0.64cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>A
Japanese guide to learning Japanese grammar</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This
guide is an attempt to systematically build up the grammatical
structures that make up the Japanese language in a way that makes
sense in Japanese. It may not be a practical tool for quickly
learning immediately useful Japanese phrases (for example, common
phrases for travel). However, it will logically create grammatical
building blocks that will result in a solid grammatical foundation.
For those of you who have learned Japanese from textbooks, you may
see some big differences in how the material is ordered and
presented. This is because this guide does not seek to forcibly
create artificial ties between English and Japanese by presenting the
material in a way that makes sense in English. Instead, examples with
translations will show how ideas are expressed in Japanese resulting
in simpler explanations that are easier to understand. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In
the beginning, the English translations for the examples will also be
as literal as possible to convey the Japanese sense of the meaning.
This will often result in grammatically incorrect translations in
English. For example, the translations might not have a subject
because Japanese does not require one. In addition, since the
articles "the" and "a" do not exist in Japanese,
the translations will not have them as well. And since Japanese does
not distinguish between a future action and a general statement (such
as "I will go to the store" vs. "I go to the store"),
no distinction will necessarily be made in the translation. It is my
hope that the explanation of the examples will convey an accurate
sense of what the sentences actually mean </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>in
Japanese</b></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">. Once the
reader becomes familiar and comfortable thinking in Japanese, the
translations will be less literal in order to make the sentences more
readable and focused on the more advanced topics. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Be
aware that there are advantages and disadvantages to systematically
building a grammatical foundation from the ground up. In Japanese,
the most fundamental grammatical concepts are the most difficult to
grasp and the most common words have the most exceptions. This means
that the hardest part of the language will come first. Textbooks
usually don't take this approach; afraid that this will scare away or
frustrate those interested in the language. Instead, they try to
delay going deeply into the hardest conjugation rules with patchwork
and gimmicks so that they can start teaching useful expressions right
away. (I'm talking about the past-tense conjugation for verbs in
particular) This is a fine approach for some, however; it can create
more confusion and trouble along the way much like building a house
on a poor foundation. The hard parts must be covered no matter what.
However, if you cover them in the beginning, the easier bits will be
all that easier because they'll fit nicely on top of the foundation
you have built. Japanese is syntactically much more consistent than
English. If you learn the hardest conjugation rules, most of
remaining grammar builds upon similar or identical rules. The only
difficult part from there on is sorting out and remembering all the
various possible expressions and combinations in order to use them in
the correct situations. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
※<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Before
you start using this guide, please note that half brackets like
these: </span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;">「」 </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">are
the Japanese version of quotation marks. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="border-bottom: 2.50pt solid #800000; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; margin-top: 0.64cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>What
is not covered in this guide?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The
primary principle in deciding what to cover in this guide is by
asking myself, "What cannot be looked up in a dictionary?"
or "What is poorly explained in a dictionary?" In working
on this guide, it soon became apparent that it was not possible to
discuss the unique properties of each individual word that doesn't
correspond well to English. (I tried making vocabulary lists but soon
gave up.) Occasionally, there will be a description of the properties
of specific words when the context is appropriate and the property is
exceptional enough. However, in general, learning the nuance of each
and every word is left to the reader. For example, you will not see
an explanation that the word for "tall" can either mean
tall or expensive, or that "dirty" can mean sneaky or
unfair but cannot mean sexually perverted. The edict dictionary,
which can be found </span><a href="http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/wwwjdic.html"><span style="color: #2828dd;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">here</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
(mirrors also available) is an extensive dictionary that not only
contains much more entries than conventional dictionaries in
bookstores, it also often contains example sentences. It will help
you learn vocabulary much better than I ever could. I also suggest
not wasting any money on buying a Japanese-English, English-Japanese
paper dictionary as most currently in print in the US market are
woefully inadequate. (Wow, it's free and it's better! Remind anyone
of open-source?) </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="border-bottom: 2.50pt solid #800000; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; margin-top: 0.64cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Suggestions</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">My
advice to you when practicing Japanese: if you find yourself trying
to figure out how to say an English thought in Japanese, save
yourself the trouble and quit because you won't get it right almost
100% of the time. You should always keep this in mind: </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>If
you don't know how to say it already, then you don't know how to say
it.</b></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> Instead, if you
can, ask someone right away how to say it in Japanese including a
full explanation of its use and start your practice </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>from
Japanese</b></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">. Language
is not a math problem; you don't have to figure out the answer. If
you practice from the answer, you will develop good habits that will
help you formulate correct and natural Japanese sentences. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This
is why I'm a firm believer of learning by example. Examples and
experience will be your main tools in mastering Japanese. Therefore,
even if you don't get something completely the first time right away,
just move on and keep referring back as you see more examples. This
will allow you to get a better sense of how it's used in many
different contexts. Unfortunately, writing up examples takes time and
is slow going. (I'm trying my best!) But lucky for you, Japanese is
everywhere, especially on the web. I recommend practicing Japanese as
much as possible and referring to this guide only when you cannot
understand the grammar. The Internet alone has a rich variety of
reading materials including websites, bulletin boards, and online
chat. Buying Japanese books or comic books is also an excellent (and
fun) way to increase vocabulary and practice reading skills. Also, I
believe that it is </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>impossible</i></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
to learn correct speaking and listening skills without a model.
Practicing listening and speaking skills with fluent speakers of
Japanese is a </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>must</i></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
if you wish to master conversational skills. While listening
materials such as tapes and T.V. can be very educational, there is
nothing better than a real human with which to learn pronunciation,
intonation, and natural conversation flow. If you have specific
questions that are not addressed in this guide, you can discuss them
at the </span><a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/forum/"><span style="color: #2828dd;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Japanese
grammar guide forum.</span></span></a></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/forum/"><span style="color: #2828dd;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">www.guidetojapanese.org/forum/</span></span></a></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Don't
feel discouraged by the vast amount of material that you will need to
master. Remember, every new word or grammar learned is one step
closer to mastering the language!</span></div>
<div class="western" style="border-bottom: 2.50pt solid #800000; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; margin-top: 0.64cm; padding: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Requirements</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Since
Japanese is written in Japanese in this guide (as it should be and
NOT in romaji) your browser must be able to display Japanese fonts.
If </span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif;">「こんにちは」</span>
</span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">does not look like
(minus differences in fonts), then you need to install Japanese
language support or use some kind of gateway to convert the
characters. Links to instructions and a translation gateway are
below. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<a href="http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/browsers.html"><span style="color: #2828dd;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Japanese
Language Support</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
</span><a href="http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/jviewer.html"><span style="color: #2828dd;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Translation
Gateway</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
(Considerably slower) </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Also,
please make sure you have a recent browser to enjoy all the benefits
of stylesheets. I recommend </span><a href="http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/"><span style="color: #2828dd;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Firefox</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">.
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Don't
worry about having to manually look up all the Kanji and vocabulary.
You can go to the </span><a href="http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/jwb/wwwjdic?9T"><span style="color: #2828dd;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">WWWJDIC</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
and paste all the examples there to quickly look up most of the
words.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">All
the material presented here including examples is original except for
some of the common terminology and when explicitly stated otherwise.
I hope you enjoy this guide as much as I enjoyed writing it. Which is
to say, frustrating and time-consuming yet somehow strangely mixed
with an enormous feeling of satisfaction. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There
are bound to be (many) small errors and typos especially since I
wrote this in ed, haha, just kidding! (Sorry, nerd joke). I actually
wrote this in Notepad which has no spellcheck, so please forgive the
numerous typos! Please post any feedback, corrections, and/or
suggestions at the </span><a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/forum/"><span style="color: #2828dd;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Japanese
Grammar Guide Forum</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Well,
no more chit-chat. Happy learning! <br /><br />-Tae Kim </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">For
more information, please send e-mail to "Mash Satou."
<</span></span><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="mailto:SGQ00310@$nifty.ne.jp"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b>SGQ00310@$nifty.ne.jp</b></span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">>
(remove '$' followed by '@' when sending). </span></span><em><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Please
contain a keyword "grammar" to the title of your e-mail,
when you send it to me. Since my mail box is full of SPAMs, I am
sorry to miss your sincere mail without this keyword "grammar".
</span></span></span></em>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Last
Updated on Sep.27/2006</span></span></strong><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
: Access Counter since Aug.08/2001 </span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mirror
sites are the following. </span></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/index.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/index.htm</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://www.maedera.com/home/jgrammar/index.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">http://www.maedera.com/home/jgrammar/index.htm</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h1 class="western">
A Logical Japanese Grammar</h1>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Welcome
to my "A Logical Japanese Grammar" page. I would like to
introduce wonderful and logical Japanese grammar. Japanese has a
strange grammar that is quit different from most European languages.
However, you can easily understand and be familiar with it after you
know the simple and logical grammar of Japanese. It has a few
exceptions and uniformed rules. I hope this article helps you learn
Japanese more deeply. </span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">I
am sorry I am still constructing these pages and columns. There might
be many blanks but I will update them frequently. I am happy you may
check this page once a week. </span></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Let's go to </span></span><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/#contents#contents"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">the
table of contents</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">.
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Please
feel free to link this page </span></span><em><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">"http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/"</span></span></span></em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">.
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">You
can get a PDF version from </span></span><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/pdf/jgrammar.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">this
package</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">.
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Interesting
topics about Japanese Grammar </span></span><span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span style="color: navy;"><u><span lang="zxx"><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/ja/index.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif;"><span lang="ja-JP">コラム統計計算文法考</span></span></a></span></u></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="ja-JP">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(
May.07/2009 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<em><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">What's
new.</span></span></span></em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/data/kancard.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kanji
Cards</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.29/2003, Sep.27/2006 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="western">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="contents"></a>Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_pron.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pronunciation</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_pron.htm#phonemes"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Phonemes</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.7/ 2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_pron.htm#syllables"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Syllables</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.7/ 2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_pron.htm#accents"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Accents</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.7/ 2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_loan.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Loan
Words from English</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_loan.htm#phonemes"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">English
Phonemes</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.07/2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_loan.htm#rules"><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Rules
to </span></u></span></span><em><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><u>Kana</u></span></span></em><span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
Syllables</span></u></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.07/2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_loan.htm#samples"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Samples</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.07/2002, Jul.03/2006 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_intr.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Introduction</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_intr.htm#parts"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Parts
of Speech</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec. 8 2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_intr.htm#orders"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Word
Orders</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec. 8 2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_intr.htm#correspondence"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Correspondence
of Pronouns, Cases, Articles, Interrogatives</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.09/2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_noun.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Nouns,
Adjectival Nouns, Verbal Nouns</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_noun.htm#ordinary"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ordinary
Nouns</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.10/2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_noun.htm#adjectival"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Adjectival
Nouns</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.10/2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_noun.htm#verbal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Verbal
Nouns</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.11/2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_noun.htm#numeral"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Numerals
and Classifiers</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.11/2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_vcon.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Verbs,
Adjectival Verbs, Auxiliary Verbs</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_vcon.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The
Verbal Conjugation</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.14/2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_vten.htm#polite"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Polite</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.18/2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_vten.htm#negative"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Negative</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.18/2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_vten.htm#tense"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tense</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.18/2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_vten.htm#mood"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Mood</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.18/2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_vexi.htm#existence"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Existence</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.28/2002 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_vcop.htm#copula"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Copula</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Jan.14/2003 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_vcop.htm#adjective"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Adjectival
Verbs</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Jan.18/2003 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_vvoi.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Voices</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Feb.01/2003, Apr.06/2003 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_vaux.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Auxiliary
Verbs</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( May.23/2003 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_vmov.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Moving
and Giving Verbs</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( May.27/2003 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_vsup.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Supplemental
Verbs</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Jun.30/2003 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_part.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Particles</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
(Jul.14/2003) </span></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_pcas.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Case
Particles</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
(Jul.27/2004) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_pnom.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Nominal
Particles</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
(Sep.04/2004) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/jgr_ptop.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Topical
Particles</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
(Mar.28/2005) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Adverbial
Particles </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Ending
Particles </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Conjunctive
Particles </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Interjective
Particles </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Conjunctives,
Interjections </span></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Conjunctives
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Interjections
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Demonstrative
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Adnominal,
Adverbs </span></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Adverbs
to modify Verbs </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Adnominal
To modify Nouns </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Special
Topics </span></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/data/kanji.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Readings
of Kanji</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Oct.27/2001, Jan.12/2006 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/data/kancard.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kanji
Cards</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Dec.29/2003, Sep.27/2006 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/data/uniform.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Uniformed
Regular Verbal Conjugation of Japanese</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Oct.14/2001, Nov.12/2005 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/grammar/bldverb/index.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">A
Japanese Conjugation Builder</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( Oct.19/2003, Jan.01/2006 ) </span></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/jar/JapaneseConjugationBuilder20061007.zip"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Download
the package for your local PC.</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/ja_ruby/index.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Columns
about Japanese Statistical Grammar</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
(written in Japanese) ( Jan.29/2008 ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<em><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Java
Applets are designed for JRE 1.3.1 and over in "Kanji Cards"
and "A Japanese Conjucation Builfer".</span></span></span></em><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
</span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: green;"><b>Special
Thanks to </b></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Japanese
Language</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( http://japanese.about.com/ ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">A
Japanese guide to Japanese grammar</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( http://www.guidetojapanese.org/ ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://kimallen.sheepdogdesign.net/Japanese/index.html"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Japanese
for the Western Brain</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( http://kimallen.sheepdogdesign.net/Japanese/index.html ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://homepage1.nifty.com/forty-sixer/kotoba.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kotoba
no Sanpo-michi</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( http://homepage1.nifty.com/forty-sixer/kotoba.htm ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://blog.goo.ne.jp/shugohairanai"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Nihon-go
ni shugo 'wa iranai</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( http://blog.goo.ne.jp/shugohairanai ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://www.jliu.org/CAJLE/"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CAJLE
home page</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( http://www.jliu.org/CAJLE/ ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: green;"><b>Interesting
Topics </b></span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/japanese.html"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Jim
Breen's Japanese Page</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/japanese.html ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://www.epochrypha.com/japanese/"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">Collin's
Japanese Language & Culture Page</span></span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="fr-FR">
( http://www.epochrypha.com/japanese/ ) </span></span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://www.honco.net/japanese/index.html"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Japanese
in the Age of Technology</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( http://www.honco.net/japanese/index.html ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: navy;"><span lang="zxx"><u><a href="http://www.omniglot.com/index.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Omniglot</span></a></u></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
( http://www.omniglot.com/index.htm ) </span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0.26cm; margin-top: 0.26cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Purchase
a book that contains information about Japanese lettering. Study and
learn how to write the Japanese alphabet. The book should explain
the pronunciation and phonics of Japanese words and of the Japanese
alphabet.</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Step
2</span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-left: 0.66cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Next you must
learn how adjectives, nouns and verbs make up the Japanese language.
You can learn how to pronounce Japanese words with more clarity by
purchasing a Japanese language learning CD or tape.</span></span></div>
<ol start="3">
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Step 3</span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-left: 0.66cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Find websites
that offer insight on Japanese grammar such as Japanese.about.com.</span></span></div>
<h4 class="western" style="margin-left: 0.66cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Step-by-Step
Learning</span></span></h4>
<ol start="4">
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Step 1</span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-left: 0.66cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Learn Hiragana
and Katakana. These are the two basic forms of the Japanese alphabet.</span></span></div>
<ol start="5">
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Step 2</span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-left: 0.66cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Study and learn
the applications of the Japanese verbs, nouns and adjectives called
Kanji.</span></span></div>
<ol start="6">
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Step 3</span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-left: 0.66cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Next, become
knowledgeable about the structure of Japanese grammar by learning how
to combine the Kanji to make sentences coherent.</span></span></div>
<ol start="7">
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Step 4</span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-left: 0.66cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">After you have
learned the Japanese letters and the pronunciation, you must learn
the particles of the Japanese language. Two of the particles are the
Inclusive Particle and the Vague Listing Particle.These particles
combine the Japanese words in conjunction form like the word "but"
and the word "and."</span></span></div>
<ol start="8">
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Step 5</span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-left: 0.66cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Lastly, practice
putting sentences together by combining the Inclusive Particles,
Kanji and the forms of the Japanese alphabet.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tips
& Warnings</span></span></div>
<ul>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Learning
Japanese may be easier for some by taking a class. Check with your
local college for continuing education classes or for individuals
who may teach a Japanese grammar course. Watch a Japanese foreign
film to practice Japanese pronunciation.</span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<ol>
<li><div class="western" style="background: #ffeedd; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
</span>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-15852616620922298342018-08-13T16:23:00.001-07:002018-08-13T16:23:30.907-07:00quirky article I liked
<h1 class="western" style="margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="en">How to
Learn (But Not Master) Any Language in 1 Hour (Plus: A Favor) </span><span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://www.fourhourworkweek.com/blog/2007/11/07/how-to-learn-but-not-master-any-language-in-1-hour-plus-a-favor/#comment_list#comment_list"><span lang="en">363
Comments</span></a></u></span></h1>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span lang="en">Written
by </span><span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://www.fourhourworkweek.com/blog/author/admin/"><span lang="en">Tim
Ferriss</span></a></u></span><span lang="en"> </span><span lang="en">Topics:</span><span lang="en">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://www.fourhourworkweek.com/blog/category/filling-the-void/"><span lang="en">Filling
the Void</span></a></u></span><span lang="en">, </span><span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://www.fourhourworkweek.com/blog/category/language/"><span lang="en">Language</span></a></u></span><span lang="en">
</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span lang="en"><br /></span><strong><span lang="en">Deconstructing
Arabic in 45 Minutes</span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span lang="en"><br /></span><strong><span lang="en">Conversational
Russian in 60 minutes?</span></strong></div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
This
post is by request. How long does it take to learn Chinese or
Japanese vs. Spanish or Irish Gaelic? I would argue less than an
hour.
</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
Here’s
the reasoning…</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
Before
you invest (or waste) hundreds and thousands of hours on a language,
you should deconstruct it. During my thesis research at Princeton,
which focused on neuroscience and unorthodox acquisition of Japanese
by native English speakers, as well as when redesigning curricula for
Berlitz, this neglected deconstruction step surfaced as one of the
distinguishing habits of the fastest language learners…</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
So
far, I’ve deconstructed Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, Spanish,
Italian, Brazilian Portuguese, German, Norwegian, Irish Gaelic,
Korean, and perhaps a dozen others. I’m far from perfect in these
languages, and I’m terrible at some, but I can converse in quite a
few with no problems whatsoever—just ask the MIT students who came
up to me last night and spoke in multiple languages.</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
How is
it possible to become conversationally fluent in one of these
languages in 2-12 months? It starts with deconstructing them,
choosing wisely, and abandoning all but a few of them.</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
Consider
a new language like a new sport.</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
There
are certain physical prerequisites (height is an advantage in
basketball), rules (a runner must touch the bases in baseball), and
so on that determine if you can become proficient at all, and—if
so—how long it will take.</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
Languages
are no different. What are your tools, and how do they fit with the
rules of your target?</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
If
you’re a native Japanese speaker, respectively handicapped with a
bit more than 20 phonemes in your language, some languages will seem
near impossible. Picking a compatible language with similar sounds
and word construction (like Spanish) instead of one with a buffet of
new sounds you cannot distinguish (like Chinese) could make the
difference between having meaningful conversations in 3 months
instead of 3 years.</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
Let’s
look at few of the methods I recently used to deconstructed Russian
and Arabic to determine if I could reach fluency within a 3-month
target time period. Both were done in an hour or less of conversation
with native speakers sitting next to me on airplanes.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<strong><span lang="en">Six
Lines of Gold</span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span lang="en">Here
are a few questions that I apply from the outset. The simple versions
come afterwards:</span><span lang="en"><i><br /></i></span><em><span lang="en">1.
Are there new grammatical structures that will postpone fluency?
(look at SOV vs. SVO, as well as noun cases)</span></em></div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<i>2.
Are there new sounds that will double or quadruple time to fluency?
(especially vowels)</i></div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<i>3.
How similar is it to languages I already understand? What will help
and what will interfere? (Will acquisition erase a previous language?
Can I borrow structures without fatal interference like Portuguese
after Spanish?)</i></div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<i>4.
All of which answer: How difficult will it be, and how long would it
take to become functionally fluent?</i></div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
It
doesn’t take much to answer these questions. All you need are a few
sentences translated from English into your target language.
</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
Some
of my favorites, with reasons, are below:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<strong><span lang="en">The
apple is red.</span></strong><span lang="en"><b><br /></b></span><strong><span lang="en">It
is John’s apple.</span></strong><span lang="en"><b><br /></b></span><strong><span lang="en">I
give John the apple.</span></strong><span lang="en"><b><br /></b></span><strong><span lang="en">We
give him the apple.</span></strong><span lang="en"><b><br /></b></span><strong><span lang="en">He
gives it to John.</span></strong><span lang="en"><b><br /></b></span><strong><span lang="en">She
gives it to him.</span></strong></div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
These
six sentences alone expose much of the language, and quite a few
potential deal killers.
</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
First,
they help me to see if and how verbs are conjugated based on speaker
(both according to gender and number). I’m also able to immediately
identify an uber-pain in some languages: placement of indirect
objects (John), direct objects (the apple), and their respective
pronouns (him, it). I would follow these sentences with a few
negations (“I don’t give…”) and different tenses to see if
these are expressed as separate words (“bu” in Chinese as
negation, for example) or verb changes (“-nai” or “-masen” in
Japanese), the latter making a language much harder to crack.</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
Second,
I’m looking at the fundamental sentence structure: is it
subject-verb-object (SVO) like English and Chinese (“I eat the
apple”), is it subject-object-verb (SOV) like Japanese (“I the
apple eat”), or something else? If you’re a native English
speaker, SOV will be harder than the familiar SVO, but once you pick
one up (Korean grammar is almost identical to Japanese, and German
has a lot of verb-at-the-end construction), your brain will be
formatted for new SOV languages.</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
Third,
the first three sentences expose if the language has much-dreaded
noun cases. What are noun cases? In German, for example, “the”
isn’t so simple. It might be der, das, die, dem, den and more
depending on whether “the apple” is an object, indirect object,
possessed by someone else, etc. Headaches galore. Russian is even
worse. This is one of the reasons I continue to put it off.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span lang="en">All
the above from just 6-10 sentences! Here are two more:</span><span lang="en"><b><br /></b></span><strong><span lang="en">I
must give it to him.</span></strong><span lang="en"><b><br /></b></span><strong><span lang="en">I
want to give it to her.</span></strong></div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
These
two are to see if auxiliary verbs exist, or if the end of the each
verb changes. A good short-cut to independent learner status, when
you no longer need a teacher to improve, is to learn conjugations for
“helping” verbs like “to want,” “to need,” “to have
to,” “should,” etc. In Spanish and many others, this allows you
to express yourself with “I need/want/must/should” + the infinite
of any verb. Learning the variations of a half dozen verbs gives you
access to all verbs. This doesn’t help when someone else is
speaking, but it does help get the training wheels off
self-expression as quickly as possible.
</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
If
these auxiliaries are expressed as changes in the verb (often the
case with Japanese) instead of separate words (Chinese, for example),
you are in for a rough time in the beginning.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<strong><span lang="en">Sounds
and Scripts</span></strong></div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
I ask
my impromptu teacher to write down the translations twice: once in
the proper native writing system (also called “script” or
“orthography”), and again in English phonetics, or I’ll write
down approximations or use IPA.
</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
If
possible, I will have them take me through their alphabet, giving me
one example word for each consonant and vowel. Look hard for
difficult vowels, which will take, in my experience, at least 10
times longer to master than any unfamiliar consonant or combination
thereof (”tsu” in Japanese poses few problems, for example).
Think Portuguese is just slower Spanish with a few different words?
Think again. Spend an hour practicing the “open” vowels of
Brazilian Portuguese. I recommend you get some ice for your mouth and
throat first.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span lang="en"><br /></span><strong><span lang="en">The
Russian Phonetic Menu, and…</span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span lang="en"><br /></span><strong><span lang="en">Reading
Real Cyrillic 20 Minutes Later</span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span lang="en">Going
through the characters of a language’s writing system is really
only practical for languages that have at least one phonetic writing
system of 50 or fewer sounds—Spanish, Russian, and Japanese would
all be fine. Chinese fails since tones multiply variations of
otherwise simple sounds, and it also fails miserably on phonetic
systems. If you go after Mandarin, choose the somewhat uncommon </span><span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh"><span lang="en">GR</span></a></u></span><span lang="en">
over pinyin romanization if at all possible. It’s harder to learn
at first, but I’ve never met a pinyin learner with tones even half
as accurate as a decent GR user. Long story short, this is because
</span><span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh"><span lang="en">tones
are indicated by spelling in GR</span></a></u></span><span lang="en">,
not by diacritical marks above the syllables.</span></div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
In all
cases, treat language as sport.
</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
Learn
the rules first, determine if it’s worth the investment of time
(will you, at best, become mediocre?), then focus on the training.
Picking your target is often more important than your method.</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
[To be
continued?]</div>
<div lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
###</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span lang="en">Is
this helpful or just too dense? Would you like me to write more about
this or other topics? Please let me know in the comments. Here’s
</span><span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://myhappyplanet.com/register.php?refid=pNEGLdWo"><span lang="en">something
from Harvard Business School</span></a></u></span><span lang="en"> to
play with in the meantime…</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="en" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-51404557432654297302018-08-13T16:20:00.000-07:002018-08-13T16:30:34.188-07:00An Interview with Barry Farber<h2 class="western" style="margin-top: 0cm;">
<u>One of my favourite interviews </u></h2>
<h2 class="western" style="margin-top: 0cm;">
</h2>
<h2 class="western" style="margin-top: 0cm;">
An Interview with Barry
Farber</h2>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>April
6, 2005</i></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">by
Keith Law</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">This
morning I had the honor of speaking with Barry Farber, author of the
seminal book on teaching yourself foreign languages, <span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=meadowpartyco-20&path=ASIN/0806512717/qid=1112812934/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_1">How
to Learn Any Language</a></u></span>. That book was particularly
influential on my experience as a language learner, as it contains a
structured technique that brought discipline to my previously
scattershot (and often unsuccessful) attempts to learn foreign
languages. Almost ten years after buying it, I still refer to it
regularly and apply a method very similar to the one outlined in the
book.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Mr.
Farber was kind enough to answer a few questions about his
experiences through over a half-century of learning languages.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>How
many languages have you studied to this point?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Well,
you phrased the question the right way. Some people say, “How many
languages do you speak?” At the Language Club, we advise everybody
who comes that it’s dangerous to answer with a digit higher than
one. Then you pause respectfully, and say, “However, I’m a
student of …” and then answer with a number.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">I’m
a student of 26 languages now. About half are languages that I date,
and half are languages that I marry.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">By
languages I date, I mean no grammar and no script, languages like
Bengali. We have an influx of new languages in New York City since I
came here. And I want to learn enough to carry on a conversation just
by “dating” – no grammar, no attempt to learn the language,
just to learn how to say things. If you know language in general, you
can go a long way in dating. You can’t help but infer certain
grammatical points.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
languages you marry, you get a grammar book, you get a dictionary,
you get cassettes, you get flash cards, et cetera.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Are
you still adding languages to your list? </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Opportunistically.
I never intended to learn Tibetan but there’s a Tibetan woman in
the small grocery store where I shop. I figured learning a phrase
every time I go in there – wow! At the liquor store, there’s a
young man from Burkina Faso, I get a phrase from him every time I go
in there – his lang is Moray. If there’s a chance, I try to learn
at least a few phrases, to break the ice with somebody it goes a long
way. That’s the magic of learning languages!</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Think
about it this way: In no other endeavor is there as much difference
between knowing nothing and knowing a little as there is in learning
foreign languages. Brain surgery I promise you that there’s very
little difference between knowing nothing and knowing a little. If
you want to fly or service intercontinental jet planes, there's very
little difference between knowing nothing and knowing a little.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In
foreign languages, one word! One sentence! It turns ice into steam
without wasting all that time turning ice into water.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>What’s
the hardest language you’ve ever attacked? </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">For
two different reasons, Finnish and Korean. Finnish because of the
complexity of the grammar – a lot of people bloody their noses
against the six noun cases in Latin/Russian, seven in Serbo-Croatian,
you have 15 noun cases in the singular and 16 in the plural. I like
to joke that I was in my hotel room in Helsinki for five days trying
to learn enough to get downstairs.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Korean
has a different kind of difficulty. There are some languages – we
should invent a catchy phrase for this; the repeat/rely index,
that’ll work for now – if you learn a word in Italian and say it
to an Italian person, the Italian will immediately understand. If you
learn a word in Indonesian, the Indonesian will immediately
understand. There’s good repeat/rely there. If you learn a word in
Korean, the Korean’s eyes will glaze over; he’ll be hopelessly
confused. Then you say the word again, and you say it louder, and he
still won’t understand. Then you show him the word and he’ll say
“ah!” and he’ll repeat to you exactly what you’ve been
saying, at least to your ears. That happens a lot in Mandarin, and it
happens all the time in Korean.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">I
love the languages that make you suspect the person you’re talking
to has the same book at home.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>How
has technology changed your approach to learning languages? </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oh
my Lord! When I started, I feel like the father who had to walk four
miles through the snow to get to school and four miles to get back
home, and he listens to his kids complaining that the air
conditioning on the school bus went down. I studied Norwegian in
North Carolina for 18 months with books. And I didn’t know how the
ø (the “sliced o”) , how that was pronounced. The book just said
something like the German ‘O’ – that’s a lot of help to a
14-year-old kid in North Carolina. So I had no idea how that was
pronounced. Some books tell you to hold your mouth as if you’re
going to say “oo” and then say “ee.” (How about the first “e”
in Gertrude? Wouldn’t that do the trick? Why do they have to bring
in German and Scottish?)</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">I
got for my high school graduation present a Norwegian Linguathon
course. I don’t still have it, but a listener (I talked about this
on the air) sent me one identical to it today so I have a new one. It
was a set of records, straight 78 records, and when that came I
remember saying to myself, “In a few minute,s I will have a record
on the turntable and I will know how that sliced o sounds!”</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Today,
you can put up an icon on your desktop and hear a radio station over
there! And you could have done that several years ago. I just do some
basic word processing and some email. Matter of fact my son-in-law
does all that dipsy-doodle and he got me a radio station in Oslo and
one in Stockholm. I thought, well, I’ll be hearing the same
newscast over and over, but that’s okay. Then I found out no, it
changes every day – it’s live, and they’re giving you that
day’s news!</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">And
of course with all the audio-visual technology, it’s just removed
all excuses, and the <span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://www.audioforum.com/">Audio
Forum</a></u></span> catalog – it’s like the Wal-mart of language
learning, they have a catalog they keep enlarging. It has like 230
courses in 116 languages – they have several courses for some
languages, they’ll have opera Italian, they’ll have archeological
Arabic – in that catalog there’s a quote from a professor, I
think at Cornell, and it’s a wonderful quote: “It is as though
the cassette were invented strictly for the study of foreign
language!” You put those headphones on and it’s like wrapping the
university around your head.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>What
would you change in your book if you were to rewrite it today? </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">I
would add some new modalities – I didn’t include anything about
Audio Forum. Now they have one called <span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://www.transparent.com/">Transparent
Language</a></u></span>; They sell a course in 101 languages for a
little over $50. It works out to less than a dollar a language. It’s
the basics – the bank, hotel, getting to know you phrases – but
you hear native speakers and it’s a fantastic value.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">I
would also offer an alternative better than walking around with a
Walkman: a big flash card, a 3x5 index card, with six phrases,
English on one side, language on the other side. I find it so helpful
to pack one phrase, I make a game out of it. If I’m just going one
block, I don’t bother, but if I go to the grocery store, I take a
card with me. Every block I review a new sentence, and when I’m
ready for the test, I have do all the sentences without error. When I
do, I retire the card. It’ll come up again but it goes to the back
of the pile. That constant rotation insinuates familiarity.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">I
haven’t figured this out yet, maybe five hundred years from now
they’ll have it figured out. If I am going to a restaurant owned by
an Albanian, and if I study Albanian on the way, the results are
about three to four hundred times better than if I just eeny-meeny
choose to study any language. The anticipation that you’re en route
to the big game makes a big difference.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>When
you’re studying a language, how far into the language do you go –
to the point where you’re conversational, till you’re nearly
fluent? </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">When
I was younger, until I got to the subjunctive mood or something hard,
then I would change languages. Now I have the hang of it and I just
go to the end of the book and I go to reading and vocabulary
building. The trick by Harry Lorayne <i>[KL: a mnemonic device for
learning vocabulary]</i> is so precious and so much fun and you can
build a prodigious vocabulary.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>How
do you maintain your skills in such a large number of languages
you’ve studied? </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">If
there’s a language you don’t use for a while, it’s rusty but
it’s there, I can’t prove it but if you flash one word in front
of your eyes, it’s there in your brain. You may be very far away
from it, but it’s there. And if you look at that word again and
again, it’ll be a little more there and a little more there.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Take
a language I’m way rusty in now, like Bulgarian or Finnish. If I
needed it, then by the time I landed at the airport there, everything
I had plus a little would be back. You may think it’s forgotten;
it’s not forgotten – it’s packed away. Once you prove that to
yourself, you’ll have no more anxiety on it and it flows.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">This
little card rotation of mine, the languages that you have
experimented with, they keep recurring or repeating, so you don’t
leave them alone for a very long time.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Do
you combine multiple languages in one flash card stack? </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">I
want to concentrate on one language at a time, but that may involve
six [languages] a day. I’m still fumbling for the best way, but I’m
not saying I’ve got it yet. I’ve been doing this since 1944 as an
exclusive hobby, so I’ve tried a lot of things and in my seminars,
I don’t teach the things that fail, I only teach what works. I only
teach the techniques that survived.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>One
problem I’ve run into when learning a language extensively is that
I reach a point where commercial audio products are no longer useful.
What do you recommend when a student has exhausted basic audio
materials? </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oh,
that’s a wonderful place to be because you know you’ve already
got what some professional educators consider a rich payload. You go
back to the newspaper or magazine in the language, highlight with a
pink felt pen or some other non-obtrusive color the words you don’t
know, look them up, put them on flash cards so you’re expanding
into new territory all the time.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Many
learners are thrown off by complex grammatical structures in some
foreign languages. How do you tackle those problems? </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">I’ve
got a different attitude now – it really is a question of attitude.
Your inner child throws a tantrum when confronted with stuff that’s
not as easy as “I have a book, you have a pen.” </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Look
at it this way. You can’t run one mile every October for 26 years
and say you’ve run the New York Marathon. You can’t run Mt
Everest, get tired leave a marker and come back next summer, climb
higher up, and leave another marker, then say you’ve climbed Mount
Everest. But you can climb a language that way.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">They’re
not going to call an urgent grammatical meeting in that country and
say there’s an American getting close to learning the language, we
have to change it. Be a dilettante! Be good to yourself, do a little
learn it, then move on. You’ll be amazed how that knowledge
transfers from unknown into known in your mind. Just relax, it’s
not going to change, stay there, don’t exhaust yourself – if at
first you don’t succeed, try, try again, and then quit. Move on
into more vocabulary, move on into what you do know, and the rest
will eventually dissolve and surrender.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>For
me, it’s noun cases – not the conjugations themselves, but the
concept, the idea of thinking about grammar in that way. We don’t
get much in the way of grammar instruction in this country. Even in
German, where there are just four cases, I struggled. </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">But
if you keep reading, “Auf dem Tisch, auf der Strasse.” This is
going to stay the way it is for a very long time. They’re not going
to change it. You can just infer grammar that way. Once you have that
childlike way of learning by repetition, hearing, plus your grown-up
sophistication of learning the rules, then just practice and the
difficulty will disappear.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Does
the Language Club still exist?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">We’re
in our 21st year. Every Monday night that’s not a holiday, at La
Maganette restaurant, 3rd Ave at 50th Street <i>[KL: 825 3rd Ave;
(212) 759-5677]</i>. The cost is $20, but that includes a full meal
at a very upscale restaurant. There’s just one caveat: To be a
Language Clubber … well, the major languages that are there are the
ones that were big 50 years ago: Spanish, German, French. There’s
no Russian, no Arabic, no Chinese, no Japanese.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">To
present a fair face to the world, we’ve taken a page from the old
resort in the Catskills: In order to prevent guests from taking fruit
from the dining room, here will henceforth be no more fruit in the
dining room.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">We
only want people who – you’re coming for German, there’s no one
there who speaks it – we want you not to be the kind of person
who’s going to go away disappointed, but instead you’ll say,
“Well, hooray – there’s a native French speaker here, I’m
going to learn five phrases of French!” In all of our overtures to
the public, we nail that down. Someone’s going to be there who
speaks something you don’t.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-45685652474456960532018-08-13T15:37:00.001-07:002018-08-13T16:01:24.009-07:00posts about language learning! Real LanguageI will be making a lot more posts about language learning on my blog from now on.<br />
<br />
This first post is a book I was writing for profit on language learning, real language. I have made enough money trading and translating now so am not writing for profit.<br />
<br />
Feel free to use any material yourself or ask me by email on joshuagibbstranslator@yahoo.co.uk about anything in the text.<br />
<br />
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Introduction
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
If it’s so difficult
how come a five year old can do it? The battery of words needed for
effective communication is relatively small…. Tell them all that…</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>The steps</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Script</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Phonetics
and phonology </b>The sounds Study names of countries and scientific
words to elucidate phonology</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Buzan
</b>The key words</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Phrasebook</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Dolch?</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Morphology</b>
How words are formed prefixes suffixes</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Gunnemark
list</b> The minimum words used for communication</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Grammar</b>
Rules for words which makes communication easier.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Masterlist
</b>The great list all everyday words</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Input:
reading films internet</b> Read a lot</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Learn
vocabulary from context </b>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Vocabulary
topics</b> Learn specialised Vocabulary for specific situations</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Special
friend</b> Get a friend to help you to learn</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Mappings
</b>use the map given below. Note down the l1 for things you don’t
know and pit them through the map.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Dictaphone
</b>Listen to Dictaphone recordings of dictionary</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Different
registers slang</b> To help you speak to different people</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Dialects</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Body
language</b> to help you to fit in</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Idioms
semi idioms proverbs stock phrases catch phrases allusions quotations
idiomatic similies social formulae clichés connectives
conversational gambits stylistic formulae stereotypes are…<b>nonliteral
expressions</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Poetry</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Text
messages </b>for real communication</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Other
non oral signs</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>collocations</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>translation
skills, a different set of skills separate to linguistic skills</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Master each one before
moving on to the next one</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Tips</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Read on topics that
interest you: If you are interested you will learn</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: red;">Re
phonetics isolate tricky sounds. Why practise easy sounds? </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Isolate grammar that
is peculiar to l2 IE counters in Japanese and practise this: If it
doesn’t exist in l1 it will be hard to learn. Other examples
include the subjunctive in French</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
When reviewing
vocabulary highlight words u know</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
When practising
visualise yourself speaking to people</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
‘silly sentences’
help one to learn</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Study body language</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Study humour in l2
the French do not have sarcasm</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Study onomatopoeia
this explains the non arbitary relationship</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Study sample
conversations</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Differentiate between
kenemes and pleremes (opened and closed) as closed classes have a
more rigid meaning, not as dependent on context</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Closed classes are
easier 2 learn but more important</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Understand the
culture</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Learn etymology it
can be fun and an aide to memory</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Abbreviations should
not be overlooked</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Contextualised
examples help one to learn
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Learn all possible
constructions not just the ones you like:</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
If there are two
alternatives learn both: ie koto and no as nominalisers Learn idioms
associated with word</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
In phrasebook include
stuff like women’s hygiene</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Isolate words that
are easy to learn ie international words: terebi, tobacco(nb not
written/katakana)</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Study wide range of
media</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
This shirt needs
washing, ironing etc</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Use a pack of cards
attach a verb form, vocabulary item to each card to test</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
A dice is also good</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Study l2 necwspapers</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Fill in the blanks is
good</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
A book of many
separate language scenarios: hairdresser, gum, bar, something for
everyone</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Person centred
langtuage learning</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The language itself and
the person learning it should be the most important factors</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Make own contextualised
examples</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Take a verb and see
what you can do to it: I go I must go I will go I don’t go I was
going etc</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Learn vocabulary in
phrases as opposed to by themselves</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
J: arrows for
politeness Up down horizontal</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Learning grammar parrot
style is cool</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Buy an l1 equivalent of
l2 u want to read, highlight word you don’t know</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
‘minimum effort
maximum effect’ </div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
New stuff when fresh
review when tired</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Use a colour grading
system 4 how well u know vocabulary</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Have at least two
Grammar books as one will explain some points better and vice versa</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Town language mnemonic:
nouns in town, adjectives in park, verbs in sports centre</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
L1 and then l2 l1 and
then l1? Both!</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Dictaphone the Japanese
for cat is pause neko the pause lets you think 4 yourself</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Use an l2 thesaurus</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Use l2 yellow pages for
jobs</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Forget it!</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Review after 1 day, 3
days, week two weeks month as opposed to every day. This lets you
get get get get. After you forget and remember something three or
four times you will remember it</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
One learns a language
by thinking reading writing, listening and speaking</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Don’t just learn post
office learn Kotaro goes to the post office to buy some sweets</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Total physical
response: Setsumee 1 imagine yourself explaining 2 imagine yourself</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Using setsumee in
context</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The communication
incentive</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Kanji: visualisation,
substitution, contextualisation, repetition
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Judokas Japanese
ballerinas French</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
When recording on
Dictaphone 1 don’t play any music or two play favourite song and
force yourself to concentrate on l</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Learning should mirror
usage</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Go back 2 basics</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Derivational Morphology
is an important aspect of language often not taught on courses</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Babies are exposed 2
much vocabulary: don’t limit exposure to vocabulary</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
When saying yawn in l2
yawn, when coughing say seki nga deru</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
If doing a specific
task in l2 review necessary words before hand as opposed to
irrelevant words: daffodil etc</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Study text speak email</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Perfect phrase book</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Hello how are you</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Goodbye</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
I don’t speak x</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Phrases common to all
ls, specific culture</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Leisure food travel</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Sightseeing</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Stores</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
When does it open?</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Greetings</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
How many, do you have
any</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Historically vocabulary
has been the poorer relation of grammar</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
There is a reason for
this Grammar is like an naked body that many different clothes can
be put on. Learning one grammatical construction leads to many
phrases: je vais au many, many possibilities. If one understands
the verbal system communication becomes much, much easier. In the
above system I state grammar as essential. Just as Heidegger states
that one should study Aristotle for 10 years to make philosophy
easier so one should study grammar before vocabulary</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Common vocabulary is
very small</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Reciprocal learning: I
teach kotaro he teaches me j</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
There are 3-5000 ls in
the world but only 150 countries most wallahs are multilingual to
some degree. It can’t be that hard</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Peg method put items on
mental pegs</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Imagine yourself on
journey meeting vocabulary items</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Linkword R for cow is
korova I ran my car over a cow</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The finger method one
item for each finger</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
First letter mnemonics
roygbiv</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Method of loci.
Imagine various rooms of palace, imagine items in rooms</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Imagine stuff that
sticks in mind then translate into l2 ‘not at school now, Academic
bullshit</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Expose yourself to as
many graphemes and vocabulary items as possible as you will encounter
them all in l2</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Aim to fill your
vocabulary book</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Ask Gerard to ask you
for words in l2 make him try to catch you out</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Get someone you hate to
test you</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Read randomly from a
dictionary everyday</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Before saying stuff in
l1 translate it into l2 mentally: This leads to fluency</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Be like babies they=
good learners they are receptive also manipulate adult intelligence</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Two notions of core
vocabulary: l learning and lexicostasticational glottochronology
don't confuse them</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Modern estimates put
memory at 3-5 chunks. Chunking also helps memory</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Keep a separate
notebook for phrases</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
L learning tips by phil
warton</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Use immersion 2 learn
languages</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
One must have a desire
to learn</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Learning should mirror
usage</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Use internet in l2</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Practise talking ones
way out of trouble, communicating when stressed</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Practise talking when
tired, beaten up, in hospital drunk or scared</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Confidence is important</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Always use material
designed for l1 learners.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Use material that is
just a bit too hard 4 you so it is always challenging: push the
comfort zone</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
When learning Arabic
look at roots</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Words exist in a
semantic space knowing a word means knowing what space it occupies:
zou no hana</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Concrete words are
easier than abstract words</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
German hund is easier
to learn than French chien</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Benayatim means
meanwhile in Hebrew. Most people remember this: been a time!</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
First 2-3000 word in l
= 80% of words likely to be encountered
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>How to fathom out a
words meaning</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Decide its part of
speech</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
If a noun which adj
describes it which verb goes with it etc</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Look at relation
between clause containing unknown and other sentences: cause and
effect, contrast inclusion, time exemplification, summary</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Look at derivational
morphology of word</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Guess the word</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Context lends meaning,
meaning is use</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Glosses are not
translations</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Latinate words r easy
to translate in romance ls: they are transparent Latinate
transparencies are more often abstract</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The future in Spanish
is different to the future in French (semantically as well as
morphologically</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Tomography tomografia
tomography (Charles berlitz native tongues.)</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
To understand a
language one must understand a culture</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Learning kanji as
homophones= fun</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
When learning l2 don’t
think in l1 but in mentalese</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Eliminate l1 from the
process</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Kime or intense
concentration is cool</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Total physical response
must be total</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The parrot isn’t
dead!!!! Learning grammar parrot style is still cool</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Grade vocabulary on how
easy it is to learn</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
An l2 reader is an
essential piece of kit</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Fluency isn’t a
measure of vocabulary or ones grasp of grammar it’s a mixture of
cultural references jokes slang antiquated words and above all
nuances this will never be taught only learnt</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Comic books are good as
pictures complement words and elucidate meaning</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Most methods don’t
work for all languages. Turkish is a particular wanker of a language
if one is used to learning romance languages.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Take a verb and see
what you can do to it ie aspect voice person version mood</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Etymology helps one
remember words ie <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b>ojalá</b></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
— I hope, God willing</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">If
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">you
teach parapluie is antirain… </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;">and
sebone is spine (back bone)….se back bone=bone this will help you
remember</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;">20
minutes focus is better than an hour fucking about</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Kami
no sonzai o shinjiru I believe in the existence of gods</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Romaji
held me back then I first started studying J</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Study
collocations</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Pay
attention to different registers and dialects</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Most
textbooks don’t do this</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Keep
a notebook of stuff you can’t say in l2 get someone smarter to help</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">L1
seven times, visualise in mentalese then l2 seven times then
mentalese again cut out l1 or English</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Encourage creativity</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Eliminate l1 even in
thought</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Think in l2</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Arrogance is a major
barrier to learning</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Classical Chinese
Sanskrit Arabic Latin Greek influence almost all languages</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Thought to l2 not l1 to
l2</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The loom of language is
a great book</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Check l2 has the item:
piranha won’t have numbers, Japanese supposedly won’t have
domestic violence
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
English once, thought
to l2 many times</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Contextualised examples</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Pay attention to kanji
broad thing hall</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Creativity must be
encouraged thing abstractly in l2
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Eliminate l1 usage l2
becomes l1</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Study the bible in l2,
read well known verses phil 4 13</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Gnothe seauton, know
thyself vencet que se vencet he who beats himself wins</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Basics!</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Read a grammar book
from cover to cover. Keep on reading it. Grammar is essential to
communication.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
If you want to learn a
word you will ruigojiten. If its important enough you will learn it.
The wuwei and all out assault on language learning. West and east.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Desire!</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Two important things:
the language and the learner</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Imagine yourself in an
important emotional situation where you need the word preferably in
context a gun held to your head, talking to a girl.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Use this allegory only
for hard words or it will become boring</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
the gun held to your
head is a good idea for learning</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Imagine yourself
speaking to a pretty girl employer and need to know the word</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Phrasebooks are cool…
they teach communication ms Jones was wrong</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
When doing grammar
focus on contextualised examples</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Pattern guide in learn
polish a new concept to me</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Body language sign
language</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Facial expressions</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
General mannerisms</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Diff colours on the map
include everything</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Reverse of eat is feed</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Translate phrases that
seem memorable to you: ‘who are these clowns who boast that they
can put up three plates’</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Be like a baby attach
series of sounds to ideas</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Dictaphone recordings
of dictionary</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Look at many different
sources</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
When listening to l2
recordings include background noise as this mimics real life</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
When listening to
Dictaphone walk around: if you see something on the recording u will
remember it ie shingou traffic lights</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
When you hear something
visualise l2 for it</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Learn a language by
reading writing speaking listening and most importantly <span style="color: red;">thinking</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Timid
uchiki inner spirit pay attention to kanji</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Examples
must mean something to you</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Map
symbols other cultural information, non oral signs:</span> Road signs
street signs measurements: feet inches gallons mph, htz, batteries</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Clothes sizes tyre
pressure shoe sizes</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Ceefax, teletext,
computer symbols</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Washing machine symbols</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Language:
signs: Grammar core grammar Vocabulary: morphology and map</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Fuck ups</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
stylistic where is her
abode, smackheads drug dependents</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
syntactic he persisted
to shout</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
collocational obese
paycheck for fat pay cheque</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
friendly divorce for
amicable divorce</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
semantic I I injured my
car in an accident
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
relationship between
grammar and lexicography very complex there is no clear barrier</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
pintu is malay for door
imagine a pin through a door key word technique</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
we had a woosie. Fish
eggbeater suitcase</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
we had a woosie but the
handle broke eggbeater suitcase</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
we had a woosie but the
handle broke so we had to beat the eggs with a fork eggbeater!</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Knowing a word means
knowing how to use it productively, likelihood of encountering it
knowing derivations, relations to other words in language knowing how
often it is used knowing its different meanings knowing it as part of
fixed expressions knowing its meaning in context
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Understanding irony and
other tropes
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Total physical response
of James j Asher</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Listen for ages before
speaking passive before active</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Read many good books by
good authors before attempting to write</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Involve the whole
person in process… ones heart and soul</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Study plays and do
acting natural communication with real feel</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Exploit the nonsensical
the crocodile is more beautiful than she is. Socratic method teacher
if it were dark what would u do?</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Experiment with
language use. Experiment as much as possible</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Mistakes are to be
encouraged as they can be learnt from</div>
<div class="western" lang="fr-FR" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Natural
use of language je parle pas as opposé to je ne parle pas</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1 establish conduct/
native speakers
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
2 seek info</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
3 give info about self
in l2</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
4 give instructions or
recipes in l2</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
5 Express reactions in
l2</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
6 hide ones intentions
have a secret mission</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
7 practise talking your
way out of trouble
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
8 practise problem
solving</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
9 practise discussing
leisure activities with l2 speakers</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
10 speak over telephone</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
11 entertain others</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
12 boast about
achievements</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
13 act out social roles</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
14 discuss ideas and
opinions</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
15 playing with
language jokes puns</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The routes not the goal
but one can be too focused on the destination to enjoy the journey</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Creativity rocks</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
All students must be
autodidactic to some degree</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Look at as many grammar
books as possible book a will be better than book b in some areas
and book c will be better than both in still others</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Language is
idiosyncratic</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
One should not
discourage learners</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Encourage creativity in
tests not just in class</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Don’t just listen to
the standard dialect</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Is l2 acquisition
different to l1 acquisition
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Cultural habits differ
a nod means no in Bulgaria</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Learning should mirror
usage, and be natural</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Tpr como pan con
mantequilla imagine yourself eating bread and butter: imagine butter
melting</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Individual users define
vocabulary needs</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Miller said seven most
modern guys say 4~5</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Chunking, ie putting
stuff into a different, more sensible order helps</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Oh yeah I forgot: that
was about…. memory</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Language phrases and
the rules covering them: grammar</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Study entire
conversations, dialogues what u expect the other person to say etc
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
A morphology notebook,
single items book, mappings notebook a notebook for similar phrase
which show new grammar</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Kids of immigrants are
good linguists</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Practise every day</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Study the criminal
element and other pros they need to be good, as they actually use
there skills. Always look at people who use their skills.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Translate thoughts and
signs into l2 as you walk down the street. Speak to world travellers
athletes etc</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
To learn a language one
must study a culture. I don’t really agree but many others do:
more different the culture more knowledge is needed</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
A good translator wants
to know more</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Intuition is cool 4 a
translator</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
THE MEANING OF A WORD
IS ITS USE</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
IN THE LANGUAGE</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Always have friends</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Aim for fluency even
though it’s impossible</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Study dialects and
registers foreign speakers of English are almost always better than
English speakers of foreign</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Istavan dabis method
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1000 to 1500 words and
basic grammar read texts that interest him and infer</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Start correspondence</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
The
kit</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Dictaphone
internet good dictionary, a better dictionary a grammar a morphology
cds tapes vocabulary map library a friend paper and a pen</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Imagine
yourself feeling and thinking</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Feel
the natural urge to communicate, To transmit information!</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Follow
wu wei in language learning</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Try
to eliminate l1</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Aim
to think in l2</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Have
l2 only dictionaries write l2 definitions in note book or draw
diagrams, pictures l1 at last resort</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Have
a separate notebook for really weird words</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Think
what u r going to say 10 steps in advance</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Colour
code vocabulary for dialect register dialect part of speech and ease
to learn</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
When
recalling an insult u use a certain part of the brain se this in
language learning</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
A
phonebook is a cool way to learn the jobs lexical group</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Focus
on one language at a time. To ‘review’ a language just learn it
again
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Is
it possible to know all the words in a language? No: should one try?
Good question how much and what vocabulary should one learn: it
depends on what one wants to do with language
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Have
goals and aims this is essential</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Study
songs and poems to learn how to express yourself creatively</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
The
map is cool it gives user input, they like this. If it is their
output they will want to learn it.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
When
walking translate thoughts write down that which u cannot translate
and use books</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Learn
stuff like in Spanish –ma is masculine because it comes from Greek
this adds flavour</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Grammar
is a body on which many different clothes can be put.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Visualise</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Say
Yawn(l2) in a yawning voice cough in a coughing voice</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Relaxation
helps learning</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Back
to basics</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
When
learning j say taikei body thread system or zukka katakana canvas or
burn hiragana yakedo
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
When
someone is talking look at them and say hanashite imasu, il parle or
esta hablando</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Total
physical response variants setsumee 1 imagine urself explaining and
say setsumee to yourself 2 imagine yourself using setsumee really
imagine 3 u hear someone explaining say setsumee 2 yourself</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
4
u hear someone say explain u say setsumee</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Variation
5 imagine kanji over image</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
The
map rocks because it involves lexical relations
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Derivational
and lexical morphology are the least taught areas on the courses I’ve
been on</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Differentiate
between active and passive vocabulary
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
if
there are two variants ALWAYS learn both: IE KOTO AND NO</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
read
a dictionary all the way through at least once</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
vee
david your <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";"><span lang="ja-JP">学</span></span>earning
(kanji)rogress….</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Concentration
memory willpower observation organisation and visualisation can be
improved</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Only
from real life situations can one really grasp the parameter of a
words usage in a speech community</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Watch
films</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Core
common not so common rare obscure are five categories of vocabulary
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Interlanguage
round table scale</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
1
elementary 2 limited working</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
3
pro</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
4
full pro</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
5
native, bilingual
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Read
out loud</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Grammar
is v important</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
One
‘grammar’ can be used with thousands of ‘vocabularies’ this
is why my French and Spanish is so good
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Attach
sounds to ideas have own mental state 4 each language</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Eliminate
l1 from the process keep it natural for tricky grammar do many
contextualised examples
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Readers
r cool
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Identify
and isolate unique or different to native features of a language ie
keigo and counters 4 Japanese</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Say
hotchikisu wo tsukatte imasu when using a stapler
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Kanji
faux amis…. When the meaning is random
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Kanji
mnemonics r like bridges that should be burnt when the other side is
reached learn the meaning not the mnemonic
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Practise
circumlocution and communicating with a small vocabulary: some
individuals are very good at this</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Textbooks
r shite, they must be to be textbooks use real texts
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
A
foreign language is a castle than must be attacked from all fronts
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Repeat
stuff like mantras learn verbs parrot fashion style<sup><a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6481618645887102885#sdfootnote1sym" name="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a></sup>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Two
extremes of learning relaxed wuwei western intense</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
To
know is to be bored</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Context
lends meaning meaning is use</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Practice
makes perfect</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Aim
big get there small</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Look
at successful linguists, not clowns. Most academics ARE idiots</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Look
at links between ls Arabic Persian Urdu
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Ordinary
vocabulary is very, very limited how r u etc but what if an important
unusual word occurs and you don’t know it.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
K
lomb</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
1
spend time with l every day
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
2
never stop entirely, change medium if necessary</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
3
learn in context</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
4
write phrases in margin</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
5translate
stuff as u walk down street</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
6
memorise corrections</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
7
memorise idioms in 1<sup>st</sup> person</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
8
a language is a castle…….attack it from all fronts
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
9
don’t fear mistakes</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
10
convince urself u r a genius</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
1
don’t postpone</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
2
expect much of self little of others</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
3
don’t rely on teacher</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
4
don’t get obsessed with what u don’t know</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
5don’t
be scared of mistakes
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
6
memorise filler expressions</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
7
learn in context</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
9
interest</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
10
learn by heart</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Circumlocution=
great If vocabulary is weak</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Listen
to radio it means no images</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
who
are they? Are they really experts</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Read
a lot watch films lots of input</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Read
and listening before writing and speaking</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Fluency
is not a measure of ones grasp of grammar it’s a mixture of jokes
slang and antiquated words it will never be taught only learnt
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Study
names of countries and scientific words to elucidate phonology</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Make
l learning your job treat it professionally</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
All
Indo-European languages are related use this to your advantage</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Understanding
grammar is essential to communication experience has taught me this.
‘washing machine’ only occurs in one semantic space whereas
grammar can be used in many spaces
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Grammar
is like a naked body that clothes can be put on.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Packaging
with translations is great. This helps you to learn words in many
languages and study the context in which words are used</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Superficial
knowledge of many languages leads to an intense knowledge
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Practise
sussing stuff out from context, so you can read quicker without a
dictionary</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
I was matriculated at
university. Matriculate has something to do with university</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">The
thought of eating a rat is </span><span style="color: black;"><u><b>abhorrent</b></u></span><span style="color: black;">
to most people. What does abhorrent probably mean?</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Wide
range of media porn Tolstoy comic books y children’s stories should
all be read.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Rosetta
stone is good</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<u><b>Leave
it: 3 days week two weeks a month </b></u>it takes about three days
to forget something don’t review the same stuff every day, it is
just pointless</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>(
add stuff in back on grammar rules</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>What’s
in a language? grammar vocabulary set phrases</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Grammar
is communication </b>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Fluency:
much vocabulary idioms body language when and when not to use
constructions eg subjunctive understanding of culture</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Learning
should mirror usage (book idea)</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Review
basics every day till perfect</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Practise
communicating with limited vocabulary </b>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Pimsleur
is supposedly good</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Study
for 40 rest for twenty study for forty rest for twenty</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Sussing
out a words meaning from context is an important skill to have</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Derivational
morphology is an under taught area. Prefixes and suffixes are a
great way to learn new vocabulary</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Listening
to classical music helps language learning</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Listen
to l2 music, as this shows how to express yourself creatively in the
second language</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Core
vocabulary gives pointers to other words</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Vocabulary
map: a cool invention by mister b</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Movement
for increased x. x must have something to do with energy</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
The
x is cute. X is probably an animal. A cute animal. Probably not a
rhinoceros</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
X
moves x is animate</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Context lends meaning,
meaning is use: Wittgenstein</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Context
lends meaning. Meaning is not always use me</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Kanji
give ‘pointers’</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
When
putting on a belt think of the word for belt in the languages you
know </div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Grammar
the study of the rules between words. Grammar is essential for
communication I realised this at college</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Speaking
French Spanish Italian and Portuguese is nowhere near as big an
achievement as speaking Arabic Hungarian French Thai</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Learning
languages by families makes your job easier</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Slavic
is a very closely related family, much more so than the romance
family</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
I
read a wikipedia page in Norwegian when I only spoke or read German.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
if
I haven’t given you a masterlist highlight the dictionary</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
The
sign is not arbitrary! It is motivated and this motivating force
helps the learning. After learning the first few thousand words of a
language the other vocabulary is learnt quicker: this is because one
understands the motivation. This didn’t work for sign language
because sign language was man made</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
After
vocabulary masterlist write up negatives preorpostpostitions and
conjunctions ie kenemes study these intensely but note they differ
between language</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
I
Knocked over a stack of kanji cards and I knew one I thought I didn’t
know: gai damage or harm. It just jumped out to me</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Always
do the script first… be it 30 letters or two thousand symbols, do
it first: Romanisation is useless as it doesn’t mirror usage</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Comic
books are good for learning pictures elucidate text</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Read
real texts not just text books</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Commit
yourself to language learning no matter what else is going on in your
life: training, losing pieces of paper free the mind through
discipline!</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
£500
cash x I read on a casino in Bulgaria being a casino I guessed that x
meant jackpot: I was right</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Big
cross over between lexicography and grammar</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Names
of countries and chemicals elucidate phonology</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Read
the dictionary for fun</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
When
reading mr x x must = a name</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
It
is the difference between signs that makes them signs</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Learn
picture based kanji kanji that appear obvious and then use my method</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Grammar
is a body that clothes may be put on</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Thought
and objects to l2 is quicker than thought to l1 to l2</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>(thought)
watashi wa josh desu</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Is
better than</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Thought
I’m josh to watashi wa josh desu</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Eliminate
l1 as much as possible</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>(cat)_______neko</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<b>Not
(cat)--------cat----------------neko</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
One
day psychologists may be able to figure out the slightest fraction of
one percent of human behaviour why apply this to language learning??</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Read
and listen before write and speak</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
If
you study languages for ages it becomes easier: Reading Czech I just
new that ten meant this as I saw it came in front of nouns and
sounded thisy the motivating force reveals itself</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Sussing
out from context is better than from dictionary</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Packaging
packaging wrappers
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Study
masterlist and then do rest from context</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Once
the motivating force is understood the language is easier to learn</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Total
physical response</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Use
wuwei for language learning</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Masterlist
every day topics obscure horse is masterlist wombat is topic</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Think
not l2 but another l1</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Grammar
stays longer than vocabulary</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Much
input</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Attach
sounds to experience and objects in the real world go directly from
experience to language</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Wars
push linguistics forward
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Austin
was a polyglot. His view on language has value</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Studying
phonestheme and onomatopoeia helps explain the non arbitrary
relationship</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Onomatopoeia
is Greek for word making</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Read
read read</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Read
a foreign language book with little knowledge of vocabulary and see
what you can suss out</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Have
a different mental state for each language</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
When
learning kanji learn the meaning not the aid to meaning after getting
to other side burn the bridge (pic)</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Mandarin
was the only language that impressed in London
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Reality
to l2 resembles the Kalashnikov, Paul Anderson</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
El
telefono le telephone I only know it as I am manipulating A RULE
which creates free vocabulary.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
There
are very few language stocks Latin Greek classical Chinese Sanskrit
and Arabic are all one needs to embark on learning the worlds
languages. There are not that many roots of words. Cat, hund,buch
libre</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Not
everything everyday is on the masterlist: door opener</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Type
grammar into google to get real life examples</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
The
sign be it written or spoken is not arbitrary</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Study
how kanji combine to form words</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Learning
should reflect usage</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
A
learner finds it v difficult to mirror stylistic stuff: an obese
paycheck</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
No
sonsai no shinjiru to believe in the existence of teach this</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Relaxation
helps learning c rose accelerated learning</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Read
bible or other well known book in l2
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Gunnermark
is the minimum list for inference</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Understanding
the motivating force makes language easier to learn</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
When
on train write down unknown words</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
When
watching tv write down or translate unknown words</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Make
your friends catch you out</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Studying
onomatopoeia elucidates the relationship between words and things</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
If
language is so simple how come a five year old can do it? Education
fucks it up. This is the simple answer. The education system is
simply about coaching children to jump through hoops.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
I
learnt uwaga was polish for caution when I saw it on a tk maxx sign.
Some things just stick. It was the same for ruigojiten thesaurus</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
For
skills to be really useful they must be of a high calibre</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Learn
your own language first!</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
You
get out what you put in</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Aim
to communicate, not to jump through hoops but communicate</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
All
languages are not equal</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
But
good materials one good book is worth ten shit ones</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Customise
<b>your</b> language curriculum</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
No
language is to hard to learn</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Set
goals</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Survey
the whole of the language first note unknown or unique features ie
counters and keigo in Japanese</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Visit
and use the library</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Try
and use the books which use the same phonetic system</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Keep
organised
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Keep
your file organised</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Cognates
are cool police policia
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Carry
flashcards everywhere
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Use
picture flashcards</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Listen
to cds</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Listen
to cds in a noisy environment this mimics real life</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Chill
out with native speakers</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Talk
aloud
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Read
aloud</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Don’t
try to change your target language</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Master
numbers</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Learn
about terms of address san Sama</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Is
that correct?</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Master
the basics?</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Slang?
How do motherfucker? Do I sound like an idiot? Swearing is for
juveniles, and isn’t sophisticated? Only use slang where
apropriate</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Dialects
can have major effects</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Make
use of idle time: listen to a Dictaphone</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Study
body language</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Visit
restaurants</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Watch
DVDs read subtitles
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Practise
simple directions</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Use
natives as living dictionaries</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Carry
a Dictaphone and record</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Study
jokes in l2</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><b>When
writing kanji finger trace and then write</b></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Practise
speaking on the telephone</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Study
culture and poetry</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">See
it as a job</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Peruvian
snap is a great game for vocabulary</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">80%
of written vocabulary is in first 1000 words</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">8-10%
next 1000</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Next
4% in 3</span><span style="color: black;"><sup>rd</sup></span><span style="color: black;">
thousand </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Next
2% in 5</span><span style="color: black;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="color: black;">
thousand</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">The
most common 40 words form 50 % of spoken vocabulary</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">200
words 80% vocabulary</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">400
words 90% vocabulary</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">800-1500
95% vocabulary</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Never
be satisfied </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Learn
core grammar first </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Grammar
sticks longer than vocabulary</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Peg
method imagine putting vocabulary on a peg and taking it off</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Imagine
a room imagine items in room rest, reimagine</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Associate
vocabulary with fingers </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Write
stories </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Imagine
people you know doing the verbs and hear word over it</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.08cm; margin-top: 0.11cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;">‘’Nouns
in the town:</span><span style="color: #333333;"><br />Nouns should be
associated to the most relevant locations: for example, the image
coding the foreign word for book could be associated with a book on a
shelf in the library. You could associate the word for bread with an
image of a loaf in a baker's shop. Words for vegetables could be
associated with parts of a display outside a greengrocer's. Perhaps
there is a farm just outside the town that allows all the animal name
associations to be made.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.08cm; margin-top: 0.11cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.08cm; margin-top: 0.11cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;">Adjectives
in the park:</span><span style="color: #333333;"><br />Adjectives can be
associated with a garden or park within the town: words such as
green, smelly, bright, small, cold, etc. can be easily related to
objects in a park. Perhaps there is a pond there, or a small wood, or
perhaps people with different characteristics are walking around.</span></div>
<div align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0.08cm; margin-top: 0.11cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Verbs
in the sports centre</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">:<br />Verbs
can most easily be associated with a sports centre or playing field.
This allows us all the associations of lifting, running, walking,
hitting, eating, swimming, driving, etc.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0.08cm; margin-top: 0.11cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0.08cm; margin-top: 0.11cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Remembering
Genders</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />In
a language where gender is important, a very good method of
remembering this is to divide your town into two main zones. In one
zone you code information on masculine gender nouns, while in the
other zone you code information on feminine nouns. Where the language
has a neutral gender, then use three zones. You can separate these
areas with busy roads, rivers, etc. To fix the gender of a noun,
simply associate its image with a place in the correct part of town.
This makes remembering genders easy!</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;">Many
Languages, many towns</span><span style="color: #333333;"><br />Another elegant
spin-off of the technique comes when learning several languages:
normally this can cause confusion. With the town mnemonic, all you
need do is choose a different city, town or village for each language
to be learned. Ideally this might be in the relevant country.
Practically, however, you might just decide to use a local town with
the appropriate foreign flavour.’’</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Core
vocabulary depends on where in the world you are: has visto mi llama?</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Rarely
consult a dictionary………..</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">…or
rarely ask a friend of it’s meaning….. sooner or later the
context in which we meet it will reveal its meaning ( the loom of
language)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Laugh
a little but not a lot</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">The
motivating non arbitrary force is a good key to aid learning</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">The
direct, immersion method robs the adult of inherent advantages pg 38
loom of language only suitable 4 kids? Adults don’t appear to learn
well by immersion. Perhaps direct method and sensible instruction</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Think
big get there small 2000 kanji? 20 a day, two thousand in three
months. Do stuff small chunks at a time: think big get there small.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Sussing
out a word from context is great for a linguist</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">
Buying a few cigarettes is different to working for the UN</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Losing
stuff in the flat… clear the mind of all distractions</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><u>Mimic</u></span><span style="color: black;">
l2 natives for fun enjoy taking the piss</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Read
a grammar book once, then again and again until you know it by heart</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Simplified
texts want shooting learning should mirror usage</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">It
is very hard to write properly in l2 </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Your
core vocabulary is essential to you.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">The
problem is remembering the problem</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Most
languages have a full vocabulary of 200, 000 words which includes
everyday scientific terms. The full vocabulary is about 10 million </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Chemistry
and electronics have a million words each</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">I
read some packaging in Turkish international words were recognisable</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">The
dark legend: Foreign scripts The main example is kanji.</span><span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="ja-JP"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">F</span><span style="color: black;">irst
of all learn kanji that look like what they represent for example </span><span style="color: black;">
</span><span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="ja-JP">一
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">lools like 1</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";"><span lang="ja-JP">二
</span></span>looks like 2<span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";"><span lang="ja-JP"> 三
</span></span>looks like 3 and <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";"><span lang="ja-JP">雨
</span></span>looks like rain about 200</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Then
learn the kanji where a radical gives a clue to meaning like
<span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";"><span lang="ja-JP">夫 the big one or father
</span></span>about 500</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">The
next method involves associating graphemes with strokes, be they ipa
symbols kana letters </span><span style="color: black;">Arabic</span><span style="color: black;">
strokes or whatever ie<span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";"><span lang="ja-JP"> 空
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">emagine</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">A</span><span style="color: black;">n
e and </span><span style="color: black;">an I</span><span style="color: black;">
within the kanji</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">W</span><span style="color: black;">hen
remembering nose imagine a nose 10 times then visualise the kanji
strokes 10 times. Then visualise the nose turning into <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";"><span lang="ja-JP">鼻 </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">10
times finished by saying bi hana nose. </span><span style="color: black;">C</span><span style="color: black;">ontextualised
examples also work well with this</span><span style="color: black;">, me</span><span style="color: black;">
grappling someone says don</span><span style="color: black;">’</span><span style="color: black;">t
see how long you can hack it. Imagine kanji drawn over </span><span style="color: black;">situation</span><span style="color: black;">.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">S</span><span style="color: black;">ome
more xamples <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";"><span lang="ja-JP">珍 </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">or
chin rareness ^ looks like chin.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";"><span lang="ja-JP">杉 </span></span>ichi
ni san sugi sugi tree cedar</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">O</span><span style="color: black;">n
writing trace with fist, then with finger then write.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">
</span><span style="color: black;">R</span><span style="color: black;">ead
</span><span style="color: black;">Kenneth</span><span style="color: black;">
henshall</span><span style="color: black;">’</span><span style="color: black;">s
book on </span><span style="color: black;">Japanese</span><span style="color: black;">
Characters</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">
</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">learn
forget remember forget remember can</span><span style="color: black;">’</span><span style="color: black;">t
forget.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">
</span>I hi change when learning how to write kanji remember they are
not arbitrary</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
phonetic and semantic
compounds</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
a some of parts
holistically
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
keep a note book of
mistakes
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
kaizen
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
say reading into
Dictaphone then write tpr</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
either photo read the
kanji and copy from memory</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
or do some of known
parts</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
or some of known parts
and photoread</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
or if all else fails
intense stroke order: scan notebook into dictionary to give examples:
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
picture turn into kanji
circles become squares
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
most kanji are
horizontal and vertical strokes</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
3=many</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
right to left</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
top to bottom</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
think like a chinaman</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
top portion far bottom
near</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
semantic and phonetic
parts</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Kanji are not random,
or arbitrary but they are made from a relatively small number of
strokes Practise the strokes in the Henshall book.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
photoread then do
stroke order:</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">When
writing kanji say the onyomi kunyomi translation out loud</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Kanji: visualisation,
substitution, contextualisation, repetition
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Learning kanji as
homophones= fun</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
vee david your <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";"><span lang="ja-JP">学</span></span>earning
(kanji)rogress</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
Kanji
mnemonics r like bridges that should be burnt when the other side is
reached learn the meaning not the mnemonic
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><b>When
writing kanji finger trace and then write. Or better trace with fist
then finger trace then write</b></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Think
big get there small 2000 kanji? 20 a day, two thousand in three
months. Do stuff small chunks at a time: think big get there small.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: #339966;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>About
Hen</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
"hen" are found at the left side of a kanji characters.
Here are common radicals that take the "hen" position and
some sample kanji characters. Click the link to learn all kanji
characters associated with each radical. We will learn the rest of
the group next week! </span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r9.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Ninben</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(person) </span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r32.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Tsuchihen</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(earth)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r38.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Onnahen</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(woman) </span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r60.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Gyouninben</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(going man) </span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r61.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Risshinben</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(heart)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r64.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Tehen</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(hand)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r75.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Kihen</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(tree)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r85.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Sanzui</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(water)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r86.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Hihen</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(fire)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r93.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Ushihen</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(cow)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r113.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Shimesuhen</b></span></span></a></u></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r115.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Nogihen</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(two branch tree)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r120.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Itohen</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(thread)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r149.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Gonben</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(word)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r167.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Kanehen</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(metal)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r170.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Kozatohen</b></span></span></a></u></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">hope
previous article gave you a basic idea about radicals. If you missed
it, click </span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa070101a.htm"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">here</span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
to learn them. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Radicals
express the general nature of the kanji characters.</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Radicals are roughly divided into seven groups (hen, tsukuri,
kanmuri, ashi, tare, nyou, and kamae) by their positions. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>hen</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>tsukuri</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><br />kanmuri</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>ashi</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><br />tare</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>nyou</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>kamae</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">common
radicals that take the "hen" position and some sample kanji
charactersare shown at "All About Radicals (1)." In this
lesson we will take a look at</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">the
common radicals that take the</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"tsukuri"
and "kanmuri"</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">position.
Click the link to learn all kanji characters associated with each
radical.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: #339966;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>About</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #339966;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Tsukuri</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r18.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Rittou</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(sword)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r66.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Nobun</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(folding chair)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r76.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Akubi</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(gap)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r181.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Oogai</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(page)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: #339966;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>About</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #339966;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Kanmuri</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r40.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Ukanmuri</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(crown)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r118.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Takekanmuri</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(bamboo)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r140.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Kusakanmuri</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(grass)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r173.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Amekanmuri</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(rain)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Radicals
express the general nature of the kanji characters. Radicals are
roughly divided into seven groups (hen, tsukuri, kanmuri, ashi, tare,
nyou, and kamae) by their positions. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div align="CENTER" class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>hen</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>tsukuri</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><br />kanmuri</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>ashi</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><br />tare</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>nyou</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>kamae</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">We
have learned the </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">radicals
that take the "hen" position</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">at
"</span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa070101a.htm"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">All
About Radicals (1)</span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">",
and the radicals that take the "tsukuri" and "kanmuri"
position at "</span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa070801a.htm"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">All
About Radicals (2)</span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">".
This is the last lesson about radicals. We will take a look at</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">the
common radicals that take the</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"ashi,"
"tare," "nyou" and "kamae" position.
Click the link to learn all kanji characters associated with each
radical.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: #339966;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>About</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #339966;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Ashi</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r10.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Hitoashi</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(human
legs)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r61.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Kokoro</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(heart)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r86.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Rekka</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(hi)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: #339966;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>About</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #339966;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Tare</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r44.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Shikabane</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(flag)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r53.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Madare</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(dotted cliff)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r104.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Yamaidare</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(sick)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: #339966;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>About</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #339966;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Nyou</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r162.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Shinnyou</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(road)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r54.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Ennyou</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(long stride)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: #339966;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>About</b></span></span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #339966;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Kamae</b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r31.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Kunigamae</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(box)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://japanese.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.nuthatch.com/kanji/demo/r169.html"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Mongamae</b></span></span></a></u></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
(gate) </span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 0.64cm; margin-top: 0.64cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Thing holistically a
some of parts</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">R</span><span style="color: black;">ead
stuff that interests you</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Communication
incentive</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">All
languages divide the word differently</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Faire=do
make</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Prepositions
are famous for not connecting completely BETWEEN langauges</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Concentration
repetition practice</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Languages
are learned not taught</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">I
will be living there next week I will be leaving there next week
pronunciation = important</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Listening
is the key to pronunciation</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Imitate
for fun</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">He
who wants to learn will learn</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">French
is more transparent in mechanics than in novels</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Experts
in chemistry learn chemistry vocabulary quickly</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Try
to suss out a words meaning from context</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Average
guys passive vocabulary is 50 000 words</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Do
strange and odd mean the same thing</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Keep
a list of weird words</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">After
learning basic words Be hungry for new words</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Words
like buy bread or cat can be done with = signs</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Official
vocabulary and scientific vocabulary cannot be sussed out from
context also animal and plant names</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">To
show u understand something u must make a model of it make own models
of grammar </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Rhyming
songs help one to remember</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">stop
crawling if you can walk</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">non
fiction is easier than fiction to read</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">learn
from mistakes never make the same mistake twice</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">have
an active minimum before going passive </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">listening
speaking reading writing is the order in language learning</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">avoid
learning complex words instead of more important core words</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">beware
faux amis</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">75
% transparency 2 – 3 months</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">50%
3-4 months</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">25%
5-6 months</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">10%
9- 10 months</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Czech Slovak + 90%</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Dutch German +90%</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Hindi Urdu +90%</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Russian Bulgarian
Croatian Serbian Ukrainian +90%
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Swedish Danish
Norwegian 90%</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Dutch Danish Norwegian
Swedish 90%</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
50-80%</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Dutch-Danish</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Finnish Estonian</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
French Catalan</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
German Danish Swedish</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Russian polish Czech</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Lithuanian Latvian</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
transparent</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Learn
forget relearn forget relearn impossible to forget: ingrained</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">When
listening to Dictaphone don’t stare into space, listen attentively
see 5 below</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">The
more one studies a language the quicker one learns vocabulary this is
because the motivating force is recognised studying onomatopoeia
helps explain this force</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Attach
sequences of sounds to real world experiences</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Core
vocabulary is your core vocabulary you might like flowerarranging</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Grammar
stays longer than vocabulary</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Mimicry
for fun is a great way to learn</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Always
study a bit above your level </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Automatic
language facility requires 1 drill repetition 2 thinking in l2 3
using the l every day </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Thinking
in l2 is essential</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Most
Africans are polyglots.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">1
provide the brain with plenty to listen to</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">2
be relaxed</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">3don’t
erect barriers to sound as you would to an idiot</span></div>
<ol start="3">
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">give
time</span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">listen
both attentively and casually</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Learn
stories and poems by heart</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Seek
constant correction from native speakers.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Isolate
hard and easy features Japanese is difficult graphically bt easy
grammatically</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">There
are no precise synonyms within 1 language nor exact equivalents
between two languages</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Example
of text Latin script pent Nurmekund highlight transparencies
</span><span style="color: blue;"><u><a href="http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BCglott"><span lang="et-EE">polüglott</span></a></u></span><span lang="et-EE">
dotzent look up hyperlinks to give clues.</span></div>
<div class="western" lang="et-EE" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
All latin
scripts have transparencies, international words</div>
<div class="western" lang="et-EE" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
OBSERVE
OBERVE OBSERVE</div>
<div class="western" lang="et-EE" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
dIfferent
languages analyze life differently bilinguals ie George Steiner
realise this.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Passive
vocabulary is bigger than active</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Concentration
repetition practise</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Languages
are learnt not taught</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Lessons
should o what students can’t do alone</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Parallel
texts r good</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Well
begun is half done</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Scientific
phonetics is overrated </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">How
to improve pronunciation constant curiosity to detail</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Pronounce
what you hear not what you see</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Mimic
people for fun </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">If
you want good pronunciation take it seriously I never did</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">A
few well known words are better than many half taught</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">A
wise man uses few words so…… </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Practise
circumlocution</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Don’t
learn unnecessary synonyms literary words or ridiculous words in the
beginning</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">If
you know core phrases you will be confident</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Don’t
learn passive stuff you will know from context</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Learn
pleremes with kenemes found near them</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">After
core vocabulary be hungry for new words</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">You
need the vocabulary you need</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">English
uses whatever and whenever more than other languages these are
English’s favourite words</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">As
an adult it is harder to attach things to ideas than it is for a
child</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">More
haste less speed</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Only
note really weird vocabulary not found in the dictionary ie kongou
rough diamond a dictionary is better than any vocabulary book. Don’t
rewrite a dictionary</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">If
a word has more than one meaning focus on each one at a time</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">8000
speaking dictionary</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">30000
reading</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">80000
giant dictionary</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">When
using dictionaries check back</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Students
shouldn’t use a thesaurus early on, though a knowledge of synonymns
is essential for reading at a higher level</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">There
is no clear distinction between grammar and vocabulary</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Language
is a brilliant example of hericlitan flux: it changes</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Make
your own grammar charts to show you understand grammar</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Being
able to read is the most useful ability professionally.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Don’t
crawl if you can walk</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">More
vocabulary is needed for fiction than non-fiction</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Language
guide not teacher</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">You
may not have forgotten the grammar but the problem associated with
the grammar</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Although
faux amis are a disadvantage transparencies are a much bigger
advantage picture of scale</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Don’t
underestimate how easy it is to read romance/Germanic with a good
knowledge of English.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">If
a language is 40 % + transparent highlight transparent words, non
transparent words and faux amis in different colours. Pay more
attention to faux amis and non transparencies</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Czech
is the most puristic of all slavic languages</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Studying
how kanji form to make words is an important part of learning words</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Study
how kanji combine to make words</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><b>Make
vocab sheets for words found on certain texts ie coffee jars tv
manuals</b></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">When
learning stuff like astrophysics one will have to learn new ideas as
well as new words: adults have an advantage over babies as they
already understand the world. Some thicko English learners don’t
even know words like earnest or diligent learn own language first</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">When
researching a new topic ie physics do so in l2 then you can learn
vocabulary directly</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Only
focus on one language at a time, but have other satellite languages
floating around it for reading purposes</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">School
text books are good: not language ones but history ones</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Back
2 basics</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Make
own grammar charts</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Grammar
is essential 4 communication</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Keep
all written work</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Germanic
languages have more words than romance because of compounding</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">75%
everyday English speech = German</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">English
vocabulary = 400-500000 words</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Most
languages = 200000words</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Highly
educated people find languages become more transparent ‘poliglotom’</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Don’t
underestimate the transparencies</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">English
French Swedish 300 in 2000 words are international</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">200
+ in Serbo-Croatian Russian</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Less
than a 100 in Greek</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Less
than 50 in Finnish</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">One
may learn 50 active and 250 passive words a week</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">ALLOW
PICTURES AND NUMERALS IE 1945 TO GIVE CLUES TO MEANING</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">When
writing kanji say the onyomi kunyomi translation out loud</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Transparent
Is transparent for you poliglotom will be transparent for educated
people if you have a good knowledge of French more Italian will be
transparent</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">When
reading a romance or Germanic text do not underestimate
transparencies nor in other languages for the matter</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Romance transparencies
are abstract</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Germanic concrete</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Transparent doesn’t
have to be limited to English if you are bilingual use French 2 help
you learn Italian. If words are see through to you, they are
seethrough to you.
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Practise spotting
transparencies</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
L’assemblea nazionale
ha deciso di sospendere l’immunita parlamentare dell’exministro
dell sanita pubblica. E stato accusato di corruzione e di
incitamento all’ omicido</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Explain l=the</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Ha=has</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
-so-ed</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Di=to or of
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Dell’ of the</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
E stato has been</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
E and</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
All’ to the</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Read again</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The national assembly
has decided to suspend the parliamentary immunity of the ex minister
of public health. He has been accused of corruption and excitement
to murder. Isn’t it easy?</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Transparencies words
with same root as a language you already know
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Russian is surprisingly
transparent</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Observe</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Look for clues mr mrs
san infer names dates infer facts</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Do not copy out endless
dictionaries into vocabulary books only write down rare or
interesting words, kongou rough diamond</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Lip reading helps
understanding</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
As well as normal
transparencies note loan words sushi judo as transparencies. Not
just cognates are transparent</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Turn tv computer
settings to l2</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Hungarians make good
linguists</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Observe cubed</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Motivation</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Bare minimum core
grammar 300 words 25-50 phrases</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
You need grammar to
make difference between dictionary words father, fathers father’s</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
When studying abroad
avoid l1 speakers to promote immersion
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Well begun is half done</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Adults already know the
real world, kids don’t you have an advantage</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Names of plants and
animals can’t be done from context</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Writing effectively is
very difficult</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Pronounce what you hear
not what you see</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Always be on the look
out for books. Buy only what is not available on the net, or in the
library or is essential.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
A few phrases can mean
a lot of communication</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Kill spare time. Carry
a Dictaphone everywhere.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Slang is near essential
most working people use slang in their everyday life. Want a ciggie.
This slang is not taught on normal courses</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Learn kanji in parts
thread sword mouth upside down 11</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Read second language
pictorial encyclopaedias to reinstall reality to language link </div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
An anatomy is another
example</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
When taping dictionary
only tape proper words as opposed to derivations and deviants: tape
benkyou but not benkyou suru. Tape words in narrowest sense of the
word. Don’t tape teki etc</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Read dictionary several
times before taping</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The more languages you
study the more you learn that the sign is not arbitrary.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
I was so good at sixth
form because I just studied grammar and vocabulary K>I>S>S></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
If at school/uni
imagine it is club work and therefore take it seriously</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Even if the basics are
boring they must be studied
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Watch l1 films about l2
culture and learn words like bettaku from rising sun. This is good
when starting out.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Scandanavians make good
linguists as they watch a lot of cinema people with good cultural
knowledge can understand a lot more knowledge like mike in Henry
Bohns</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Think like a foreigner
eastern ocean to the Japanese is pacific notv atlantic</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Get it right from the
beginning</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Correct mistakes asap</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Imitation does have a
role</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Acting is good</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The best way to learn
vocab is through inference</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
University and schools
are for passing exams not learning</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
lightbrown and spada
minimum vocab is about 2000 by my records 3000 or maybe more. Voca b
is very important</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
speak out loud</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
when practising
speaking practise intonation as well as sounds</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
never be satisfied seek
to achieve</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
practise pronunciation
backwards </div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
shon ashon tonashon
intonashon</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
study a wikiepdia page
in each of the main topics</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
learning about language
can help you learn a language. Seemingly useless Linguistic knowledge
can be useful, as long as it is applied</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
keep a notebook of
something you can’t translate then ask a teacher or someone more
qualified<span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";"><span lang="ja-JP"> </span></span>if
you can’t understand the grammar book.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
read l2 text night,
note down vocab, learn next day reread text repeat</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
read a wiki on the
subject to make your own vocabulary topic</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
the bible is a good
text as it’s vocabulary is very small less than 10000 words in the
whole text</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
think rationally: a
science</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
creatively: an art</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
rely on yourself</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
inquisitive min</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
learning is observing</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
you MUST do the work by
yourself</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
unerstaning language
helps understanding languages</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
the Japanese see
translation as integral to learning</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
pay attention to detail</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
one is never taught one
can only learn
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
despite all technology
language learning has not improved</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
lessons should do what
students cant do themselves</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
enthusiasm</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
pactical pronunciation
not theoretical phonetics</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
imitate for fun</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
self belief
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
he who wants to learn
will learn.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: red;">
Listen </span><span style="color: black;">to your own voice not tapes of
it.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Speak
in your head</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">You
need the words you need core vocabulary is different to different
people</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">1000
words well known better than 10000 half learnt.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Don’t
bother with marginal interest words in beginning</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Confidence
comes from knowing common phrases well</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Have
no spare time fill it with language</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">After
core vocab be hungry for new words a translator is never satisfied.
Aim to know all the words.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Scored
and goal are collocations</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">English
learning Spanish cows look VACAnt cow is vaca</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">No
synonums in theory but in practice there are many.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">No
clear distinction grammar and vocabulary</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Make
grammar a natural part of you. Internalise it.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Read
a translation then the original</span></div>
<ul><ol start="8000">
<li><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">words
are needed for fiction 4000 for none fiction</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
</ul>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">when
doing a course always study harder materials than the course as well
as course materials to build confidence</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">use
materials aimed at target language users.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">It’snot
that I’m good its just that everyone else is useless</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">When
preparing for university exams always study above the level they want
so it is much easier</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Speed
reading is good for vocabulary slow reading is good for grammar, as
voacab is simpler but more boring than grammar</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Vocab
is one to one whereas grammar is more complicated.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">An
l2 l2 dictionary is a good tool for the advaced learner</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Use
as many different materials as possible</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">The
masterlist should be a list of all common hyonyms or top words in the
language. A list of top words</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Language
is motivated at all levels</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Phonetics</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Phonology</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Morphology</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Syntax</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Cohesion</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Use
this to help learning</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Grammar
in particular is motivated</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">It
has a certain flow that can be guessed with practice like genders in
French</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">The
force that motivated language is spiritual and all things that are
spiritual are motivated it is a bit like the golden mean there is a
force motivating language although many people would think that there
wouldn’t be.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Even
if it is simple it must be done</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">All
human beings think the same so therefore there must e core words that
transfer across all languages. Most of these are grammatical. All
languages have the word to be.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Why
bad education. Do the people who run the course really want you to
learn universities are only really interested in fees. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Before
reading a text study vocabulary related to it tatoeba for a business
text read business vocabulary</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Be
like lomb and dondero and speak to yourself lomb called this
autologue </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Beginners
are not confident at spotting transparencies they need their
confidence building</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Before
discussing or reading a topic research vocab</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">After
learning kanji other scripts are easier</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">The
mind gets used to absorbing information. After learning about 1000
kanji learning kanji and other information gets easier. The mind
gets used to the motivating force behind kanji </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Daily
effort is important</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Map
a word and then read an l2 book about that word</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">An
l2 grammar is a good tool for more advanced grammar</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Even
if it is simple it still needs to be done</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">After
key grammar is mastered communication becomes easier as many
structures can be formed. This is why I was so good at shrewsbury</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">A
lot at once then a little often.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">
If you can’t find a word look at wikipedia example then translate
wikipedia page.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">You
can only get so good at on e thing at once</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">we
all have good and bad days</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">euphemisms
are important. They are idioms phrases with non literal meanings</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">spending
time in a foreign country is not necessarily helpful. LJMU is an
example of this</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">when
reading online highlight unknown words.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Turn
phone tv other settings to l2</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Fluency=doing
in l2 what you can do in l1. It should be aimed for</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">After
learning core words write up religiously they might be useful</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Immersion
is good</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">If
you don’t know a word write it down even if you have done so a
thousand times before.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Vocab
can fit into many slots grammar can’t</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Always
push your comfort zones</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Get
steps one and two right before steps two and three</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Distinguish
between motivated and arbitrary grammar. Motivated is easier.
Particularly Japanese.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Keep
a separate notebook for grammar</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Kesp
a separate notebook for hiragana, katakana and kanji words</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Have
one main grammar book and then a load of satellite grammar books</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">For
more culturally distinct languages like Japanese culturally distinct
vocabulary will be more valuable. A special topic should be made.
Much of this culturally distinct vocabulary will be untranslateable.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Although
if you study you will learn, if you study better you will learn
better.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Conjugate
language learning cycle different things different days. Don’t use
same text book each day</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">
Only so good you can get at one thing like in the dao de jing.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Types
of grammar to learn</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Ones
that can be learnt like vocabulary pieces, that fit into slots, which
are more like vocabulary than grammar.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Two
derrivational morphology</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Three
construuctions that must be learnt, more complex than vovabulary, own
rules for the words can be used with different vocabulary. Skeleton
not clothes. These are a slot as opposed to fitting into a slot.
This “pure grammar” is not at the border between grammar and
lexis, and drastically influences the grammar of a sentence: wake is
“pure grammar” this grammar is a “different meaning” newmark
also uses skeleton example. Stuff like nado, and nomi. They are
more than vocabulary pieces. Adjectives often look like grammar but
are more likely vocabulary.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Latin
for all occasions type stuff is good for beginners.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Language
is a spiritual enterprise and learning a language is a spiritual
process. Forming these paths of motivation is key to learning a
foreign language.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">If
two people are yelling at each other the context should give clues to
meaning</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">follow
kato lmb and let context give clues</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Study
Lombs work on context </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Free
vocabulary Indonesian guru is teacher rinpoche is teacher in Tibetan</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Even
with all these tricks and techniques one must still work hard.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Weightlifting
wprds you are interested in are easy to remember</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">“simple”
words can be easy to forgwt: mushi, for example</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Keep
on going! Keep on improving</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Is
context, inference really the best way of guessing a word’s
meaning?</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Certain
adverbs look like grammar but aren’t for example chittomo. They
should be treated as vocabulary not grammar.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">judge
a man not by answers he gives but by the questions he asks. nobody
however famous has ever asked or answered indepth the simple question
“how does one learn a foreign language?”</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">imagine
trying to fill in a piece of paper by dotting it once. This is one
piece of vocabulary learnt.in th end trying to identify the words you
do not know will be hard to do, and this is fluency</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">many
vocabularies fit into many grammar slots, this is the ultimate
difference between ngrammar and vocabulary.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Although
linguaphone is very good don’t underestimate the potential of
creating your own language tapes with a Dictaphone, you can taylor
make these for yourself, focusing on things which you find difficult,
be it vocabulary grammar or lexis</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Learners
often tend to create new words</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Strengthen
your weakest point so something else is your weakest point, then
strengthen your new weakest point. Then your strongest point will be
your weakest. Strengthen this and you will be good.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Even
a stone gets warm if you sit on it long enough, it is like filing
down a cliff face, continuous effort and striving is needed</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Even
if a word is transparent there may be slight differences in meaning:
</span><span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="ja-JP">ベテラン
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;">means more of an
experienced person in Japanese whereas in English it has the nuance
of meaning fought in a war.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Folk
myths abound: A little bit of truth may be a dangerous thing: Sensei
does eman teacher but it may also be used for doctor, lawyer etc.
other myths aboubd there are only two irregular verbs in Japanese.
Believing these myths earlier on causes fuck ups later</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">After
learning Japanese languages like French and Spanish become easier.
This is because they are much more similar to English on levels such
as vocabulary, sentence structure, grammar, idioms and syntax as well
as dervitaional morphology. Translation and learning is also easier
as the cultures are more similar</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Don’t
be intimidated by weights or foreign languages who are you?</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">After
everything is at afairly good level have one thing that is very good
to make you </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">
stand out or just for enjoyment, if you enjoy grammar only really
develop it after everything else is perfect</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">To
be very very good at listening you need a very good vocabulary</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Words
which can be sussed out via kanji in reading cannot be sussed out
this way in listening</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Ways
of learning a word: immediate association</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Translation</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Definition
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Context</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Indirect
association</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">O
object</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Transparency</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Reciting
like a parrot.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Manipulate
the language</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><u><b>Appendix
1</b></u></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><u>The
key words</u></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Hello
how are you? Please thanks where? is how much is yes no good what is
your name? Help! Goodbye! Excuse me</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width: 560px;">
<colgroup><col width="97"></col>
<col width="120"></col>
<col width="126"></col>
<col width="102"></col>
<col width="105"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1.
A,an</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.
After</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3.
Again</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4.
All</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">5.
Almost</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">6.
Also</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.
Always</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">8.
And</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">9.
Because</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">10.
Before</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">11.
Big</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">12.
But</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">13.
(I) can</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">14.
(I) come</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">15.
Either/or</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">16.
(I) find</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">17.
First</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">18.
For</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">19.
Friend</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">20.
From</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">21.
(I) go</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">22.
Good</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">23.
Good-bye</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">24.
Happy</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">25.
(I) have</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">26.
He</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">27.
Hello</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">28.
Here</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">29.
How</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">30.
I</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">31.
(I) am</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">32.
If</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">33.
In</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">34.
(I) know</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">35.
Last</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">36.
(I) like</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">37.
Little</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">38.
(I) love</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">39.
(I) make</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">40.
Many</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">41.
One</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">42.
More</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">43.
Most</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">44.
Much</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">45.
My</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" height="3" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">46.
New</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">47.
No</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">48.
Not</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">49.
Now</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">50.
Of</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" height="3" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">51.
Often</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">52.
On</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">53.
One</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">54.
Only</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">55.
Or</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" height="3" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">56.
Other</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">57.
Our</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">58.
Out</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">59.
Over</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">60.
People</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" height="3" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">61.
Place</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">62.
Please</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">63.
Same</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">64.
(I) see</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">65.
She</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" height="3" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">66.
So</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">67.
Some</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">68.
Sometimes</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">69.
Still</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">70.
Such</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" height="3" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">71.
(I) tell</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">72.
Thank you</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">73.
That</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">74.
The</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">75.
Their</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" height="3" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76.
Them</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">77.
Then</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">78.
There is</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">79.
They</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">80.
Thing</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" height="3" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">81.
(I) think</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">82.
This</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">83.
Time</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">84.
To</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">85.
Under</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" height="3" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">86.
Up</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">87.
Us</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">88.
(I) use</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">89.
Very</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">90.
We</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" height="3" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">91.
What</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">92.
When</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">93.
Where</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">94.
Which</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#ffffcc" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">95.
Who</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" height="3" width="97"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">96.
Why</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="120"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">97.
With</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="126"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">98.
Yes</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="102"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">99.
You</span></span></span></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#cccc00" width="105"><div align="JUSTIFY" class="western">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">100.
Your</span></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><b>Appendix
two</b></span><span style="color: black;"> Minimum words for thorough
communication. All the words needed to speak.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<center>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" style="width: 566px;">
<colgroup><col width="172"></col>
<col width="175"></col>
<col width="176"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="172"><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">about,
circa </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">about
(be) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">above,
over </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">according
to </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">address </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">advertisement</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">afraid
of</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">after,
afterwards </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">again </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">against </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">ago </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">agree </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">air </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">alive</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">all;
whole </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">almost </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">alone </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">along </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">already </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">also;
too</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">always</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">and </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">angry </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">angry,
be/get </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">another
- </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>see</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
other</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">answer
(v.) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">any
(adj.) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">any
(pron.) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">any
of (it, them) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">anybody </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">anything </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">arrive
</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">as;
such as; like </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">as...as </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">ask </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">ask
for </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">at </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">back,
come/go; </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">return </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">bad
- food, </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">character </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">bad
- weather </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">bag </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">bathroom;
toilet </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">be </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">beautiful </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">because</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">before </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">begin </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">beginning</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">behind,
back </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">believe </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>see
also</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Miniphrase T</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">below;
under </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">between;
among </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">big </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">book </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">boring</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">borrow </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">both</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">bottom</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">boy </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">bread </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">break </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">bring </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">brother </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">busy </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">but </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">buy </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">by
- agent </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">by
- time </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">by
- transport: air, bus, etc.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">call</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">can;
be able; be </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">allowed;
may </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">cancel
</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">car </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">cash</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">century </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">certain;
sure </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">change
(</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>v.</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">)
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">change,
small </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">cheap
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">check </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">cheque</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">child </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">city</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">clean </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">close;
shut </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">clothes
</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">collect</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">colour</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">come </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">comfortable </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">common </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">completely </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">continue;
go on </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">cook
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">could;
was able </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">country;
nation </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">country
- not town </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">course,
of </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">crime</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">cry;
weep </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">cut </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">damage
(n.) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">damage
(v.) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">dangerous </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">dark </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">daughter </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">day</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">dead </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">decide</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">dictionary</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">different
</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">difficult </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">dirty </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">disappointed </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">do </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">doctor</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">down;
downstairs </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">drink
(n.)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">drink
(</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>v.</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">drop</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">dry </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">during </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">early </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">earth,
world</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">easy </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">eat </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">empty</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">end </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">enough </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">environment </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">especially
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">even
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">every </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">everybody </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">everything </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">everywhere </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">exactly </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">example </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">examine</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">example</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">except </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">exercise</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">expensive </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">fall </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">family </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">famous </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">far </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">father</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">fetch </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">few,
a </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">finally </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">find </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">finish </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">first </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">flat,
apartment </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">flight</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">food </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">for
('purpose') </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">for
(time)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">foreign</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">forget
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">forwards</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">free,
unrestricted</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">free,
gratis </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">friend </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">from </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">from </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">front
of, in </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">full
(of) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">funny;
comic </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">future </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">game</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">garage</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">get,
become </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">get,
obtain, fetch </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">get,
receive </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">get
in </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">get
out </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">get
up </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">get
used to .</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">girl </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">give </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">go </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">go
in(to) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">go
out</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">going
to, have the intention</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">going
to, about to, on the point </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">of</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">good
(better, best) z and s </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">good,
skilful, clever </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">gradually
</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.27cm; text-indent: -1.27cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">great z and s </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">ground,
earth </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">grow</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">had
better</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">half
?a. & n. </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">happen </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">happy
(about) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">hard
(opposite of soft)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">hard
(work)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">have
(as auxiliary) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">have
(eat) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">have
(possess)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">have
got</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">have
to</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">hear </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">heavy</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">here
</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">high </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">hit</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">hold</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">holiday </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">hope </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">hot </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">hour </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">house </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.28cm; text-indent: -7.28cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">how </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">husband </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">if </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">ill </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">immediately,
at once </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">important </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">impossible
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">in
(position) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">in
(time) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">in
(after) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">-ing </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">injury </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">instructions</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">intelligent</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">interesting </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">into,
go </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">invite</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">joke
(n. & vb)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">journey </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">just
(time) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>see
also</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> only</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">keep </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">key </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">kill </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">kiss
(n.)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">know
(facts) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">know
(people etc.) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">lady
- </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>see</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
woman</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">land</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">language
</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">last,
latest, final </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">last,
just passed </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">late
(adv.) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">laugh
</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">learn </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">least,
at </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">leave,
depart </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">eave,
let remain </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">lend </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">let
(allow)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">let
(hire) </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">letter</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">lie
(not stand)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">lie
down </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">life</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">light,
not dark</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">light,
not heavy</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">like,
similar</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">listen
to </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">little,
a </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">live,
reside </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">live,
be alive</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">long</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">look
after </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">look
at, watch </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">look
for</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">look
forward to - </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">look
well etc. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">look
up </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">lose</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(a)
lot - </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">loud
- </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">love </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">?low</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">luggage </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">magazine </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">make </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">man</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">many</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">many?,
how</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">many,
so</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">map </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">married
(to)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">may
(permission)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">may
(possibility)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">mean
-</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">meaning
– </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">measure
- </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">mistake
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">much
(adv). </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">must</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">near</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">necessary
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">need
vb.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">never</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">new</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">news</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">newspaper</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">next</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">next
time. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">nice</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">night</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">last
night, tonight</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">no
adv.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">nobody</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">noise</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">none </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">north </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Not</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">note,
make a</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">nothing</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">now</span></div>
<div class="western">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="175"><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">of
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">off
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">often</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">old </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">on </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">once </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">one
(impers.) - you </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">only</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">open
adj. </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">open
vb. </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Opposite</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">opposite,
contrary </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Or</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">other,
another </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">otherwise </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">ought
to; should </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">out,
outside </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">out,
go </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">over
- see "above"</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">page</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">pain
n. - P</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">paper</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">part
(fraction)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">party pol.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">party soc.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">pay</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">peace</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Peaceful</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">pen</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">pen,
ball point</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">pencil
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">people imper</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">people the
people</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">perhaps</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">person</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">picture </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">piece</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">place</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">play </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">pleased
(with)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">poor </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">possible</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">postcard</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">probably</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">problem </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">pull</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">put</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">quarter</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">question </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">quickly </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">quiet </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">quite</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">read</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">ready </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">?real</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">really </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">reason
(for) </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">receipt </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">relative </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">remember </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">remind </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">rest (remainder</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">rest (have
a)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">rich </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">right
- </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>see</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Miniphrase</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">road</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">room</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">room (space)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">sad </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">safe </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">same </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">say </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">school</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">see </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">sell</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">send </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">serious
- P</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">several
n. & adj.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">shall</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">shop </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">short </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">should
- </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>see</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
ought to</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">should aux.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">show
vb.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">?shut ?or
is </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">sick,
feel </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">side </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">since </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">sing</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">sister</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">sit
</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">sleep
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">small</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">smile</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">so not
so bad a</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">so so
bad that</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">so and
therefore</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">soft </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">some
pron.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">some
adj.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">somebody</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">something</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">sometimes</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">son</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">soon</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">sort</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">sound
(</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>n.</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">) </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">sound
</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>vb.</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
- </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">south </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">speak </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">spend mone</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">spend time
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">spring</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">?stand</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">?stand
up</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">stay reside</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">stay remain</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">steal</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">still
Do you still live in…..?</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">stop cease</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">stop prevent
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">strange</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">street
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">strong</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">stupid</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">such such
a</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">suggest</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">suitcase</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">summer</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">sun</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">surprise
?n.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">surprised </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">take </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">talk
(to) </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">tall</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">tax
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">teach
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="176"><div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">teacher
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">tell</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">terrible</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">than </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">that,
those dem.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">that
rel.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">that
con.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">the</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">then after</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">then before</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">there </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">There
are </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">think believe</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">think
(about)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">thirsty
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">this,
these</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">through
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">ticket
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">time
(clock)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">time occasion</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">tired</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">to direction
+ </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">to I've
never b</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">to infin.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">today
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">tomorrow
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">too (excessive)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">top
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">towards</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">town</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">true</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">try </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">under</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">understand </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">unfortunately</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">until</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">up</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">upstairs
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">use
vb. </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">used
to (adj. accustomed)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">used
to emphatic past</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">useful
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">usually
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">very</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">visit</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">wait
(for) </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">walk
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">wallet
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">want
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">war
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">wash</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">wash
up </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">water</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">way method</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">weather
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">week</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">well
- health</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">well
adv. better bes</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">west </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">wet
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">what </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">when </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">where? position</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">where direction</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">which?
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">which rel.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">while
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">white</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">who?
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">who rel.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">whole</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">why? </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">wide;
broad </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">wife</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">will
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">winter</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">with</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">with
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">without</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">woman</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">wonderful</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">word
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">work
(v.) </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">work
n. </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">work job</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">work
vb. function</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">world
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">worry
vb. </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">worried
(about)</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">would
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">write
(down) </span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">wrong </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">year
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">yellow</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">yes </span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">yesterday
</span>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">yet not
yet</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Young</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</center>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Black blue green red
white yellow</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
North east south west</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Monday Tuesday
Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Spring summer autumn
winter</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
I you he she it one we
you they me him her it us them
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
My your his her its
ones our you’re their 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
First second third
fourth fifth………..</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><b>Appendix
3 vocabulary masterlist</b></span><span style="color: black;">: ALL common
words</span><span style="color: black;"> learn this and then read any
normal text. Read the vocabulary topics for specialised texts</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 0.21cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
Months, days week, numerals, countries L2 NAMES Fritz Kotaro
understand l2 culture</div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
(un)-V-ing<br />
*-er*<br />
*-less*<br />
*-wear*</div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
A little Abandon n abdomen n ability, able pr about pr above, over
abroad absence aj absent v absorb abstract academic v accept n
accident accompany account accord according to accordingly n account
accuracy accuse accustom achievement aj acid(ic) acknowledge pr
across n act, deed action active n activity, bustle, ado Act v add,
addict append, join so as to cause an increase add up addition n
address v adhere adhesive adjectives adjustment administrator v
admire v admit, confess adult advancement advantage adverb
advertisement advertise n advice aerial<br />
aesthetic affect afford pr
after n afternoon afterwards av again, once more, re- against n age n
agency, bureau ago v agree agreement v aim n air n airplane, aircraft
airport alarm alarm clock n alcohol ale aj alert aj alive aj
alkaline aj all n allocation, allotment, portion allow alloy
allusion ally av almost, nearly n alphabet av already) av also,
additionally, too n alternate v alternate, take turns av always
amaze n ambassador ambiguous ambulance among amount amuse amusement
anchor cj and, plus n angel, fairy anger n angle aj angry n animal
ankle v announce, proclaim annoy annually annul another n answer,
reply to a question or argument n ant n anus aj any av apart,
separately apart from apartment apologise apology apparently
apparatus appear appearance n apple apply appointment approval v
approve n apron arbitration n arch argue argument arise n arm army
around, encircling, surrounding arrange arrangement arrest arrival
arrive arrow art n article article, essay artificial as as....as
ascent ascribe ash ashtray be ashamed of v ask, inquire ass assembly
assert assertive associate assume assure astonish at av at least, not
less than (>=) av at most, only, just, merely, not more than (<=)
athletics sports atom attack attempt attend n attention (active
perception) attentive n attic, garret v attract attraction audible
author n authority aj automatic n autumn, fall aj auxiliary average
avoid, evade, keep away from aj awake awareav away n axe n baby,
infant n back av back background av backward bacon aj bad bag baisin
v bake baker n balance, equilibrium balcony n ball n balloon n bamboo
n banana band (group) n band, tape, flat strip n bank bank (of
river) banknote n bar, rod bargain barley barracks n barrel, cask n
barrier, obstacle base n base, node, station n baseball basic
basically basin basis, foundation n basket n basketball bat n bat,
stick, racket/racquet n batch bath bathroom battery battle n bay v be
n beach, shore bead n bean n bear n beard v beat, batter aj
beautiful beauty because of, due to v become n bed bedroom n bee beef
n beer beetle pr before, in front of, ahead of pr before, prior to,
earlier than v begin, commence, start beginning n behavior, conduct
v behave behaviour pr behind, in back of, to the rear of belief v
believe n bell belly belong below n belt bend, n, v benefit bent aj
bent n berry besides bet pr between, among, amidst, inter-
beverage pr beyond, farther than, exceeding n bicycle aj big, large
bill n bill, invoice bin binoculars n bird n birth bit v bite aj
bitter aj black bladder n blade v blame n blanket n blemish, blot
blend v bless blind blindness v block n block n blood v blow aj blue
blunt n board boast n boat n body v boil boiling n bomb n bone n
book boot bore aj boring, tedious v borrow both n bottle n bottom v
bounce, rebound boundary n bow n bowl n box n boy boyfriend n brain n
brake n branch n brass n bread v break breakfast n breast, mammary
breath v breathe breed bribe n brick n bridge aj bright v bring
broadcast broken n broom n brother aj brown bruise brush n bucket,
pail n bud v build construct n building, edifice bulb n bullet n
bump, protrusion n bundle, bunch n burn v burn v burst bury n bus
n bush, shrub n business, commerce cj but, however butcher n butter n
butterfly n buttock n button v buy, purchase pr by means of, via,
per, with by, next to n cabbage cabin<br />
n cage cake v calculate,
reckon calf v call, summon calm camel camera<br />
n camp, bivouac,
temporary shelter n campaign aux v pres can can {British: tin}canal,
channel, ditch n candle n cannon canvas cap cape capital captain n
capture v capture, seize n car, automobile n carbon n card n care,
concern carpet carriage n carrot v carry n cart, carriage, wagon
cartridge cash card cast castle n cat v catch category,
classification cathedral cause v cause n caution, prudence,
carefulness n cave cavity v cease, stop doing, quit n ceiling v
celebrate, rejoice n cellar, basement cement n century ceremony aj
certain, sure certainly n chain n chair chairman n chalk n chance,
randomicity, luck n change v change vary n chapter characteristic
charge charger n chart n chart, diagram aj cheap, inexpensive n check
n cheek n cheese chemical n chemical chemist cherry n chess n chest
chest, box chew? n chicken chief n chief, leader aj chief, main,
primary, principal n child n chimney n chin chisel n chocolate
choke<br />
v choose, pick (out), select one of many possibilities
Christian Christian name CHRISTMAS n church cider n cigarette ‘’’’
lighter cinema n circle circumstance citizen n city n civilization n
claim, assertion claw n clay aj clean v clear aj clear, plain clerk
n cliff v climb n clock close aj closed, shut n cloth, clothes n
cloud n club, cudgel n club, society clutch coach n coal coast n coat
coat hanger n cockroach n code n coffee n coil n coin aj cold,
chilly, frigid n collar colleague collect college collision colony n
color n comb combustion v come, arrive n comfort comfortable v
command n command, order, directive commit n committee aj common,
general n communication n community n company, firm company,
presence of others v compare comparison compass compel v compete,
strive, vie competition comfortable complain complete completely aj
complex composition compound n compromise compromise compulsory
compute n computer contemptuous conceal concede concentrate concern
concrete condemn n condition, state, status n cone confess confidence
confirm confirmation confuse congratulate conjunction connect n
connection, joint, junction conquer aj conscious, aware consciousness
consent consequence v consist of, be composed of consistent
consolation console n consonant conspicuous aj constant, invariant,
stable constituent contain contempt contents contribute n
constitution v consume, deplete, expend, exhaust, use up v contain
n container contemporary continent v continue, keep on doing/being n
contract contradict contrary contribute contrast v control
controversial conventional converge convince v cook aj cool cooper
cooperate, collaborate n condom copper v copulate, have sex v copy n
copy n cord, cable n cork corkscrew n corn, maize corner correct
correspond corridor corrode cost n cotton couch cough counsel v
count, enumerate country n courage, bravery n court (of law) cousin
v cover n cover n cow/bull, cattle Coward cowardice n crack, fissure
v crate crawl cream v create, make n credit creed creep? Crew n
crime criticism v criticize n cross crowd crown cruel v crush v cry
out, shout, yell v cry, weep n crystal n cube n cucumber n culture
cultured n cup cupboard cure current v curse, damn n curtain n curve
curve cushion customer custom customs n cut v cut n cycle n cylinder
dairy damage v dance n danger dare aj dark, dim darkness database n
date n date n daughter Dawn n day n day diurnal period dazzle n dead
aj dead deal aj dear, precious, cherished death n debt, obligation
to pay decay deceitful deceive v decide decision deck decorate v
decrease deduce deem aj deep, profound n deer) defeat defence
defend definitely defy n degree n delayv delay, retard, tarry,
postpone deliberate delicate delight demand aj dense concentrated,
thick, intense n density n dent, nick, indentation dentist v deny
depart v depend on, rely on dependant deprive n depth v describe
description n desert v deserve, merit, be worthy of design desire
despair of despite n destination v destroy destruction n detail
detain detect develop development device dew aj diagonal, slanted n
dial diameter diamond dice n dictator, tyrant n dictionary dictophone
v die diet difference different aj different aj difficult, hard
difficulty v dig digest digestion digit dilute aj direct, immediate n
direction n dirt, earth (tangible), soil aj dirty, contra-clean
disadvantage disappear disappoint n disappointment disarmament n
disaster, catastrophe discharge discount discover discovery v
discuss, talk about discussion n disease, illness, sickness disgust n
dish disinfect n disk, disc dislike dismember display displeasure
dispose of dispute v dissolve n distance distinct v distinguish,
differentiate, tell one from another Distribute distribution disturb
dive v divide dividend divisible division divorce v do, perform,
engage in dock doctor n document n dog n doll, effigy n dome domestic
n donkey, ass n door double n doubt v doubt av down n dragon drain
n drain draw drawer n dream v dream dress v drift, wander n drill
drill v drink v drive, impel, propel driving driving licence n drop v
drown drunk drug n drum duck dumb aj dry aj dull, blunt aj durable,
resilient, robust, strong n duration pr during dusk<br />
n dust duty
duvet DVD,’’’’ player dwell dye eager eagle n ear earplugs
aj/av early, premature earn <br />
earnest n earth n earthquake n east
easter eastern aj easy v eat <br />
n eclipse n edge edit edition
editor educate education educational effect effort n egg num eight
either...or aj elastic elastic band elbow v elect electric electrical
n electricity n element elephant n elevator {British: lift} eleven
else elsewhere n email embarrassment embrace v emit v emphasize,
accentuate, stress emphatic empire employ aj empty enable encounter
encourage n end v end, conclude, finish endeavour n enemy n energy
engine engineer engineering enjoy av enough, sufficiently v enter, go
into entertainment n enthusiasm, zeal enthusiastic entrance n
envelope envious envy n environment, surroundings, context aj equal
equality equip equitable error n escape v escape, flee from essay
esteem ethics estimate v evaporate even n evening event av
eventually av ever aj every, each everyone everywhere aj evil aj
exact, precise exactly exaggerate v examine, inspect n example,
sample pr except for, besides, apart from, other than, excluding
excess v exchange, trade, swap exhibition excite excuse exclude
exclusive n exercise, practice exhibit exile v exist existence exit
v expand, grow expanse expansion v expect, anticipate aj expensive,
costly n experience v experience n experiment expert explain
explanation v explode exploit explosive express extent extinguish
extreme n eye eyebrow n eyeglasses eyelash eyelid n face n fact n
factory factual v fail faint fair faith faithful fall fall in love
with aj false, untrue familiar n family aj famous n fan aj/av far
n farm fashion fast fasten n fat aj fat, obese, plump n father
fatigue v favor, prefer favour fax n fear v fear n feather n feces,
dung, excrement feeble feed v feel v feel feeling<br />
aj female n
fence fertile aj fertile fervour fetch n fetus embryo n fever aj few
fiber n fiction field n field n fig v fight, combat figure filament n
file n file fill n film filter fin final v find fine n finger finish
n fire n fireplace hearth firm first n fish n fist fit num five fix
fixed n flag, banner flame<br />
aj flared flash aj flat, planar flatter
n flavor, taste n flaw, defect, imperfection n flax flea flee fleet
flesh aj flexible flight v float n flood, deluge n floor n flour v
flow n flower v fly n fly n foam, froth n fog n fold v fold follow
following n food aj foolish n foot n football American/tackle f~)
n football (association f~), soccer pr for pr for forbid n force v
force forecast n forehead foreign n forest v forget v forgive, pardon
n fork v form n form, shape formerly fort fortnight fortunate
forward av forward, ahead fountain num four fowl n fox fracture aj
fragile, delicate n frame fraud free aj free (at liberty) freedom v
freeze n frequency frequent av frequently, often fresh friction n
friend friendliness friendly frighten n frog pr from, out of, away
from n front frontier frost aj frugal, thrifty frying pan n fruit n
fuel fulfil aj full, filled fun aj funny, comical fur n furniture n
furrow, rut, groove furthermore n future (the f~) n game (a
rule-governed system of competitive amusement) n game, match gap n
garbage, trash, rubbish n garden n garlic n garment n gas v gather,
collect n gear n gene general aj generous, charitable aj gentle,
mild gentleman genuine v gesture vt get, acquire, gain, obtain get
up n ghost gift gill n ginger n ginseng n girl girlfriend v give n
glass adj glass glide n glove glue v go goat n goat n god, diety n aj
good goods n gourd govern n government aj gradual n grain(s),
cereal crop(s) and their seed(s) n grammar) grandfather grandmother
grant n grape grasp n grass n grasshopper aj grateful, thankful
gratitude n graveyard shift, middle of the night n gravity aj gray
{British: grey} great aj greedy aj green greet v grind grip groan
groove ground n group grow growth grumble v guard, monitor, watch
over n guess v guess, conjecture n guide v guide, lead guilt aj
guilty, blame-worthy n guitar gulp gums n gun gut n gymnastics n
habit, custom, routine practice n hail n hair n hair num half (1/2)
half an hour hall ham n hammer n hand handkerchief n handle v hang,
suspend, dangle hanging v happen, occur aj happy aj hard, firm,
resistant to pressure hardly hardness hardware harmful harmless n
harmony n harness v harvest, reap haste n hat, cap v hate v have hay
head health aj healthy heap v hear hearing heart n heart n heat,
warmth heath n heaven, aj heavy heed n heel n height n helix n hell,
Hades n helmet v help, assist, aid helpful n hemp, marijuana hence av
here heretidary hesitate v hide, conceal aj high, tall n hill hinder
n hinge hint n hip hire historical n history chronicle v hit, strike
hoard n hockey hoe v hold, grasp n hole n holiday aj hollow aj holy,
sacred home honest honesty n honey Honor honorific n hook v hope
hopeful aj horizontal n horn n horn n horse n hospital hostile aj hot
n hotel, inn hour n hour n hourglass n house av how? However aj
huge, enormous, gigantic aj humble, modest humor humorous num hundred
hunger hungry v hunt, pursue hurry hurt,v n husband hut n ice
icecream n idea, concept identity cj if ignition ignorant ill
illuminate imaginary v imagine v imitate, mimic importance aj
important impose impossible impulse pr in in- in-V-able in spite of
incline include income v increase indeed aj independent v indicate n
individual industry infavorof infect infer inference influence n
information ingredient inherit v injure, damage, harm n ink inn aj
inner, internal, interior innocence aj innocent, contra-guilty
inquire inquiry aj insane, crazy, mad n insect inside pr instead of,
rather than instruction instrument n insult n insurance insure aj
intelligent v intend, mean to, do deliberately, have as a purpose
intention intense intentional n,v interest fascination interesting v
interfere, hinder interior aj international n internet interpreter
interval n intestines, gut(s), viscera into intoxicate introduce v
invent invention aj inverted, upside-down v invest investigate, tion
v invite invitation involve n iris n iron iron aj irregular,
sporadic, intermittent n island n issue, edition item jack n jacket
n jade jail jam n jar, jug jaw jealous n jealousy, envy n jelly gel
jerk n jewel, gem n job, employment join joint joke journal n
journalist journey, trip, voyage joy n judge v judge judge judgement
jug n juice v jump, leap n jury aj just, fair, equitable justice v
keep, retain, go on having n kelp kettle n key <br />
v kick n kidney v
kill adj kind n kind, sort, type, variety (of...)<br />
kindly n king
v kiss kitchen n knee kneel knickers n knife n knob knock<br />
knot v
know n knowledge n label laboratory v lack n ladder lady n lake lamb
lame n lamp land n language laptop aj last, final last v aj/av late,
tardy v laugh n laugh(ter) n law lawyer n layer lazy lead n lead (the
metal) n leaf leap year v learn learning aj least av least n leather
v leave, depart, go away from lecture left aj left(-hand) n leg legal
leisure lemon v lend n length n lens n lentil aj less (a smaller
quantity of) av less lesson let letter n letter n lettuce level aj
level, even n lever lewd n library lid n lie v lie v lie (utter a
known falsehood) life lifebelt lift,v lift, elevator aj light (of
little weight) n light (visible electro-magnetic radiation)
lighthouse n lightning v like, enjoy pr like, similar to likelihood
likely likeness<br />
limb lime n limit, boundary limp line n line linen
link n lion n lip lip n liquid liquidation n list listen aj little
av little v live (be alive) n liver living n lizard n load, burden
loan n lobster locate n lock n logic aj lonely <br />
aj long aj long av
long ago look n loop, circuit, closed curve aj loose (contra-snug),
baggy aj loose (contra-taut), slack lorry vt lose loss aj loud v love
low aj low, short aj loyal lubricate luck luggage n lump, clod,
blob, piece of no particular shape n lung luxury n machine n magazine
n magic, sorcery n magnet magnet magnetic v mail maize n majority
make v make, render aj male mammal n man manage manager n mandarin,
tangerine manifest n mantis manufacture aj many n map marble march n
mark n market n marriage married marry mass, mass mast n master, lord
mat mate n match (a thing suitably associated with another) n match
(little fire-stick) n matter, material, substance mattress n mature,
adult may av maybe, perhaps, possibly meadow meal mean n meaning
meanwhile measure v measure n meat, flesh mechanic mechanical medical
n medicine v meet, encounter, come across meeting v melt n member
membership memory mend mental menu n merchandise, goods, wares
mercury n mercy message n message n metal n method, manner, way (of
doing), technique n microscope n middle, center n midnight aj
military n milk n mill num million n mind n mineral, ore n minority
n mint minus n minute (60 seconds) n miracle n mirror misconceive
mishap v misplace (lose; become unable to find) n Miss v miss, fail
to hit/reach/see etc. missile missive mist mistake n Mister, Mr. v
mix, blend mixed mixture moderate modest moisture mole n molecule n
moment, an instant n money n monkey, small primate monopoly n month
monthly monument mood n moon aj more av more n morning n mosquito<br />
aj
most av most n mother motion n motor, engine n motorcycle n motorway
mountain mourn n mouse moustache n mouth v move movement n movie,
motion picture n mp3 player Mrs. n Ms., Miss/Mrs. aj much av much,
very n mud v multiply n muscle n mushroom n music musician n mustard
aj mutual, reciprocal n mystery n nail n nail aj naked, nude, exposed
n name napkin narrate narrative aj narrow, of little width n nation,
state nationalism nationality aj native natural n nature n navel navy
aj/av near pr near, close to aj necessary, needed, required
necessity n neck n necktie v need, require n needle aj negative n
neglect, negligence, apathy negotiations neither...nor n neon n
nephew neice nerve nerve n nest, den, lair n net aj neuter neutral av
never aj new, novel, recent n news, tidings n newspaper aj next next
to aj nice, kind, affable n night num nine n nitrogen no n noise
nonsense n noon aj normal, ordinary, usual n north northern n nose av
not n note, annotation nothing v notice, observe noun novel av now
nowadays nowhere n number, numeral number plate nurse n nut
(hard-shelled fruit/seed with separable shell and kernel) nut n oak
oar n oat oath obedient v obey n object aj obscure, unheard of
observation observe obstacle obstinate obstruct obtain obvious,
obviously ocean occasion occupation occur odor pr of pr of (owned
by; belonging to; associated with; = genitive) off offence offend v
offer office officer aj official offspring often n oil n oil (crude
oil), petroleum aj old aj old (of much age; having existed/lived for
a long time) n olive omit pr on onbehalfof once num one n onion av
only, solely, exclusively onto aj open n opening, orifice operation n
opinion opinion opportunity oppose opposite opposition cj or aj
orange n orange (tree/fruit of Citrus sinensis / related spp.) order
n organ (of body) organise organization v organize rigin aj original,
non-imitative n ornament, decoration ornate aj/pn other, another our
out aj outer, exterior, external pr outside of, exterior to n oval,
ellipse n oven over overturn owe owl v own owner ox n oxygen pack n
package, packet, parcel n paddle, oar n page n pain painful n paint
painter pale n palm (of hand) n pan pantry n pants, trousers n paper
paper bin aj parallel parcel pardon parent n park n parliament,
congress parrot n part part of partake of partial participate
particle partly partner party n party (political), sect (religious)
pass passenger passport n past (the p~), earlier time n pasta,
noodles n paste n patch path n patience patient n pattern v pause,
hesitate, suspend action temporarily pavement v pay payment n pea
peach n peace n peanut pearl n pedal peel n pen penalty n pencil,
crayon peninsula n penis n people (a people), folk, the members of an
ethnic group / nation n pepper n pepper v perceive, detect perfect
perform perhaps n period, era, epoch periodical aj permanent,
perpetual permission n permit v permit, allow, let persecute n
person, human being personal personnel persuade pest pet petrol n
photocopier photograph physical n picture, image n piece pierce n
pig, swine pigeon n pile, heap, stack of things or of a substance n
pillow, cushion pilot pin pincers n pine n pipe piston n pity v pity,
feel compassion toward, feel sorry for n pizza n place, location
plain v plan n plan, design n plane (flat surface) n planet v plant n
plant n plastic plate n plate platformn play drama v play, recreate,
frolic please n pleasure v plough n plow (plough) pluck n plug,
seal, stopper n plum plus n pocket n pod (seed pod) n poem point n
poison, toxin poisonous n polarity n pole, stick (long bar) n police
policeman polish polite political n politics v pollute, contaminate
pond ponder n pool, billiards aj poor, impoverished popular n port
porter n position aj positive aj possible (able to happen or be
done) possibly n post (vertical pole anchored in ground) postoffice
postage postman n pot n potassium n potato potential v pour n powder
n power powerful practical practise v praise, compliment, laud v pray
precede prefer preferably pregnant prejudice prepare preposition
prerequisite presence aj present n present (the present time; the
now) v preserve, maintain n president v press (do pressure to; push
upon with weight or force) pressure v pretend, act, feign pretext
pretty v prevent n price, cost n pride (proudness; self-respect) n
priest, clergyman n prime minister primitive principal v print aj
prior, preceding, preposition previous, contra-next printer n prison,
jail aj private (contra-public) privilege n prize, award aj probable
probably problem n process, procedure procure produce product n
profit, gain n program n progress, advancement v prohibit, forbid,
contra-permit n project, undertaking, venture n promise pledge prone
pronoun pronounce n proof, evidence propeller property proposal
propose prose prostitute v protect, defend n protest, objection n
prototype, exemplar, archetype, model (for all Xs) proud prove v
provide, supply, furnish n province (of Canada etc.), prefecture,
state (of USA etc.) provisional v pry {British: prize}
(raise/open/move with a lever) aj public n public, populace, the
people (as in People's Republic) publicity publication publish v pull
n pulley n pump punctual v punish punishment purchase aj pure,
unadulterated, uncontaminated aj purple purpose pursue<br />
v push v
push chair put, place, translocate putrid puzzle n pyramid n quality,
trait, attribute, characteristicn quantity quarrel quarrelsome n
quartz n queen queue n question, query question mark quick quickly
av quickly, rapidly, swiftly aj quiet, soft, faint quite v quote,
cite n rabbit n race n rack radiator n radio apparatus, wireless set
n rail n railroad(railway) n rain n rainbow raise n rake range rare
aj rarefied, tenuous, diffuse, dilute, sparse, wispy rarely rat n
ratio, rate, proportion raw n ray n razor re- + verb v reach, extend
as far as react reaction v read aj ready, prepared for a task /
event aj real, actual realize reality really n rear, back part of n
reason, explanation, justification, rationale reasonable n reasoning,
rational thought rebel receipt v receive recent av recently recipe
recite<br />
v recognize recollection recommend v record n record
recover n rectangle recycle aj red reduce refer reject reflect
refrain aj refreshed, zesty, perky refuse regard n regarding
region, area n regret v regret aj regular, periodic v reject, refuse
relate relation n relationship, association relatives v release
relevant reliable n religion religious relinquish rely on v remain,
stay remark remainder v remember remind reminder remote control v
remove, subtract, take away, delete rent v repair, fix repeat v
repel repetition n replacement reply report v represent
representation reprimand reproach<br />
n reptile v request, ask for
require resemble reservation reserve v reside, dwell, live v resign
resignation resist resistance resolute resonant resources n respect
v respect, venerate, esteem n responsibility, liability,
accountability responsible rest n rest remainder, leftovers, remnant
restart restaurant v restrain, inhibit, hold back restrict n
result, consequence v retrieve, fetch v return) v reveal, disclose
n revelation, mystical vision n revenge, vengeance, retribution,
getting even reverse review revile revise revolt v reward n rhythm
rib n rice aj rich, wealthy v ride ridiculous n right (a right to
do/be ...) aj right(-hand) aj right, correct ridid n ring, torus
ripe rise risk n riot n ritual, rite, ceremony rival n river n road
roast n rock, stone n rocket rod n role v n roof n room, chamber n
root (of a plant) n rope n rose (plant/flower of genus Rosa) v rot,
decay rotten<br />
aj rough, coarse, contra-smooth round n route,
path, course row<br />
v rub, abrade n rubber rudder rude n rug, mat
ruin n rule, regulation<br />
rumour v run aj runny, thin n rural area,
countryside<br />
v rush, hurry, hasten n rust, corrosion n sabbath n
sack, bag aj sad, unhappy, melancholy saddle safe safeguard n safety,
security n safflower <br />
n sail v sail sailor n salad sale n salt aj
same, identical sample n sand<br />
n sandwich satellite n satisfaction
satisfy sauce saucepan saucer<br />
n sausage save v save, rescue n saw
v say, tell, express in words <br />
scale n scale scanner scary n
schedule school n science n scissors n score scorn n scratch n
screen, mesh n screw screwdriver scythe sea<br />
n sea, ocean search n
season seat second n second (1/60th of a minute)<br />
aj secret
secretary n section, segment security security camera v see n seed v
seek, search (for), look for v seem, appear to be, give the
impression of seize seizure av seldom, rarely select selection self
selfish v sell v send, dispatch, transmit sensation n sense
sense/nonsense sensitive sensual n sentence sentence, crime separate
separation n sequence, order n series aj serious, earnest, grave aj
serpentine, meandering, convoluted v serve service n sesame n set
settle sex shake shall shape share shark sevant num seven several v
sew sex n sex, gender shade n shadow, shade v shake aj shallow n
shame shape share aj sharp, keen, pointy, acute v shave n sheath n
sheep n sheet n shelf n shell n shield v shine n ship v ship n shirt
shock n shoe shoe lace v shoot shop aj short aj short, brief n
shorts, trunks aux v pres should, ought to n shoulder shout n shovel
v show, exhibit, display n shower, sprinkle v shrink, contract shut
sick n side, flank, lateral area n sign signature signify aj silent
silicon n silk n silver aj sim card similar aj simple sin since v
sing singer v sink n sister v sit num six n size n skeleton n ski
n skin n skirt, kilt, dress n sky n slave n sleep v sleep sleeve v
slide, slip, glide slim slime slip slipper slope aj sloped,
inclined/declined slow av slowly aj small smash v smell n smell,
odor, aroma v smile n smoke aj smooth snail n snake, serpent n
sneeze v sneeze snore n snow v snow aj snug tight (in this sense) so
soak n soap sober social society n sock, hose, stocking n sodium aj
soft, malleable, yielding to pressure software sole soil n soldier aj
solid n solid (not a gas or liquid) solution solve some sometimes
somewhat somewhere n son song av soon v sort sothat n soul, spirit
(believed to outlive the body) n sound n soup aj sour n source,
origin n south southern n soya, soybean <br />
n space, room, void spade
spanner spark v speak, talk speaker n spear, lance specially n
species aj specific, special, particular specimen spectacles speech
n speed, velocity speed limit spell spend n sphere n spice,
seasoning n spider, arachnid n spike, barb, cleat, thorn v spill n
spinach n spine, backbone n spiral, whorl v spit splash split n
sponge n spool, reel n spoon spouse v spread n spring (metal helix) n
spring (the season) n sprout n square n squash, melon v squat squeeze
n squirrel v stab, jab stable stage n stair(s) stalk stamp v stand
n staple (fastener) n star start state statement station status stay
v steal n steam n steel steep steering wheel stem step stepfather
step- sthical stick sticky aj stiff, rigid <br />
adj still av still,
yet stimulate sting stink stipulate v stir, agitate stitch n stomach
stone stool stop n store, cache, reserve, reservoir n store, shop,
boutique n storm storey n story, report stove aj straight (not bent)
aj strange, weird, unusual, peculiar n strap stream n street n
strength v stretch, extend n strike n string n stripe n stroke,
jolt, blow of force<br />
strong structure struggle v study stumble aj
stupid n stylus n subject, topic of discussion n submission,
surrender subordinate substance n substitute, surrogate subtract
suburb v succeed success successful such v suck aj sudden, abrupt
suddenly sue suffer sufficient n sugar v suggest, propose suggestion
suit aj suitable, proper, fit(ting), appropriate n sulphur sum n
summer n sun sun bed n sunflower sunrise sunset superstition v
support v suppose, presume n surface surgeon surgical surname
surpass v surprise, startle suppose surrender surround survive
suspend suspicion,ous v swallow n swamp, marsh sway swear n sweat,
perspiration v sweep aj sweet swell n swelling, inflation v swim
swindle swing n sword n syllable n symbol, sign, token sympathise
sympathy synchronous synopsis n syringe n system n table (piece of
furniture with flat top) table cloth n tail v take (in the sense of
E-o "preni", G "nehmen", Sp "tomar") n
talent, skill, knack talk talkative tall tame tank tap<br />
aj tapered
n tar target n task, chore, job, assignment taste v taste tattoo aj
taut, tight, tense, strained n tavern, bar, pub n tax n tea teapot v
teach teacher teaching n team, crew, squad n tear(drop(s)) v tear,
rip n technology n telephone n telescope n television set tell n
temperature aj temporary, transient v tempt num ten n tendency,
propensity, inclination n tennis tension tent territorial territory v
test, check n testicle testimony pr/cj than, compared to v thank
aj/pn that (demonstrative) cj that (e.g. "I know that you are
right") n theatre theatrical theft n theory av there (at/to
that place) therefore aj thick, fat n thickness thief thigh<br />
aj
thin, slender thing v think thirsty aj/pn this thorough though
thought num thousand n thread, filament threaten num three n throat
pr through <br />
v throw, toss n thumb n thunder thus n ticket, coupon
tickle n tide tidy v tie, bind n tiger tight tile till n time (e.g.
"do it 3 times"), occasion, instance, iteration n time
av/aj timely, prompt, on time timetable n tin tin opener aj tiny,
minuscule tip aj tired, weary title pr to, towards, at toad n
tobacco av today n toe av together n toilet, toilet paper tolerate
tolerant n tomato av tomorrow n tone, pitch n tongs n tongue
(body-part) too av too little, insufficiently av too much,
excessively n tool, utensil, implement n tooth toothache toothbrush
toothpaste n top, peak, summit topic n torch tornado n torture v
torture, torment n total, sum, aggregate v touch tough towards n
towel n tower town n toy, plaything track trade trade union traffic n
traffic lights train (of railroad) tranquil translate translator
translation transmit transparent transport n trap travel n tray
treatment tread on n tree n trial n triangle tribunal n trick,
chicanery trigger v trim, prune trolley n trouble, difficulty
trousers n truck {British: lorry} aj true* trunk v trust truth v
try, attempt, endeavour tube tune n turkey v turn, divert v turn,
rotate, revolve n turtle twelve twin twist num two type typewriter
typical tyre aj ugly n umbrella n umpire, referee, official un-
un-V-able un-V-ed unconscious pr under, below, beneath underneath v
understand, comprehend undo undress unemployed unfortunate n uniform
union unique unit v unite universal n universe, cosmos n university
av up upset upwards urgent n urine urinate v use, utilize useful
usual utter vacation</div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
vaccinate n vacuum n vagina vain valid n valley n value worth
valuable n valve vane vanity n vapor, mist vegetables n vehicle n
veil n vein, blood vessel verdict vermin verse aj vertical very
vessel vest vibration victim victory view n village n vinegar
violence violent aj violent, harsh n virus visa aj viscous, thick
visible v visit n vocabulary n vogue, trend, fad, fashion n voice n
volcano volume voluntary v vomit v vote n vowel vulgar wages n
waist n wait v wait (for), await waiter waiting waiting room
wake(up) n walk v walk n wall walnut wander v want, wish, desire n
war wardrobe warehouse aj warm v warn warning v wash n waste v
waste, misuse wasteful watch n water waterfall n wave n wax way weak
wealth wealthy n weapon wear n weather v weave n wedge n weed week
weekly weep weigh n weight well n west western aj wet n whale wharf
what what? n wheat n wheel wheelbarrow av when? (at what time?) av
where? whether while n whim, caprice whip whisper n whistle v whistle
aj white who who(m)-whose? aj whole, entire, complete av why? aj
wide, broad widespread n width n wife aj wild, feral, untamed <br />
n
will willing win n wind v wind n window n wine n wing n winter n wire
aj wise wish pr with within pr without, with no ..., lacking
witness n wolf n woman wonder n wood n wool n word n work, effort,
labor, toil n world n worm n worry, anxiety worship to be worth
worthy would n wound v wrap n wrench {British: spanner} v wrestle n
wrinkle, crease n wrist v write writing aj wrong, incorrect xray
yard yawn n year aj yellow yes av yesterday <br />
aj young youth num
zero <br />
zinc</div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
zeal zoo zoom</div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;">
additions: drinks mat hair clip?</div>
<div id="sdfootnote1">
<div class="sdfootnote-western">
<a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6481618645887102885#sdfootnote1anc" name="sdfootnote1sym">1</a>
The parrot is not dead!!!!!!!!</div>
</div>
joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6481618645887102885.post-89940705855373527832017-02-20T09:47:00.000-08:002017-02-20T09:47:06.042-08:00Poor quality teachingI have long told people verbally about poor teachers and the effects they have upon individuals' growth.<br />
<br />
I am hoping to put these ideas into writing here.<br />
<br />
When I was 25, about 4 years ago I was nearly killed in a streetfight by three men. A leading south end drug dealer insulted my mother and I poked him in the face in a city centre sauna. He almost broke my jaw and then I got in a fight with three coke rats later.<br />
<br />
I started playing chess as a way around this.<br />
<br />
When I came to the chess club I obviously lost all the games but wasn't put off which surprised certain people. I kept on playing and people told me a great deal of nonsense about chess.<br />
<br />
nonsense such as<br />
<br />
"Studying openings isn't important"<br />
<br />
"key squares"<br />
<br />
"bishops are always better than knights"<br />
<br />
I eventually got better due to studying the game.<br />
<br />
in one game I lost to some woman who had a Cambridge university partly because I was tired prison visiting all day. I was expected to beat thus woman but didn't mind losing to her.<br />
<br />
What did upset me was that she called me odd when I asked to photograph her score sheet and laughed about beating me.<br />
<br />
This woman has made no attempt to learn chess and called a friend of mine with a learning difficulty and idiot. The guy with learning difficulties works whereas she got half her husband's house from a divorce (poor guy) and coasts along on state benefits<br />
<br />
It sickens me that she is allowed to teach for a charity called "chess in schools".<br />
<br />
She:<br />
<br />
1 can't play chess to any standard and will hinder students growth into master level players by advising them that "openings aren't important" etc<br />
2 has appalling attitudes towards men who pay her benefit money.<br />
3 has appalling attitudes towards the game of chess as she happily takes the place of better players on teams despite not being able to play at all.<br />
<br />
It disgusts me that this creature is allowed to teach chess to children for a charity.<br />
<br />
on a similar note the "education" that I received at A level and university was appalling to say the least. Students mis-advised me on things and Alexandre Coutu who taught me French to English translation later on had to reeducate me.<br />
<br />
It is my personal opinion that this entire thing called "education" needs to be updated and incompetent fools need to be hauled out of their cushy jobs as teachers.<br />
<br />
<br />joshuagibbstranslatorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10915661962749735250noreply@blogger.com0